Resurrection of the Body

Origen of Alexandria, Against Celsus 2.48

Origen of Alexandria · c. 185–c. 254 AD

Celsus repeatedly finds himself unable to face the mighty works attributed to Jesus in the records, so he dismisses them as mere sorcery. We have already answered him as thoroughly as we can. Now he claims that we confess Jesus as the Son of God only because he healed the lame and the blind. He also throws in the allegation that, as we say, he raised the dead. The fact that he healed the lame and the blind—which is why we recognize him as the Christ and the Son of God—is confirmed for us by the prophetic writings: "Then the eyes of the blind will be opened, and the ears of the deaf will hear; then the lame will leap like a deer" (Isaiah 35:5-6). The further fact that he raised the dead, and that this is no invention of the Gospel writers, becomes clear when we consider what a fabrication would look like. If the accounts were invented, many more resurrections would have been recorded, and the people raised would have been dead for much longer periods. Since the accounts are genuine, however, only a handful are mentioned: the daughter of the synagogue ruler (about whom Jesus said, puzzlingly, "She is not dead but sleeping," a remark that does not fit everyone who dies), the only son of the widow, whom Jesus raised out of compassion after halting the funeral procession, and Lazarus, who had already been in the tomb four days. We will press this point further with fair-minded readers, especially with Jewish interlocutors. Just as "many lepers were in Israel in the days of Elisha the prophet, and none of them was cleansed except Naaman the Syrian," and "many widows were in Israel in the days of Elijah the prophet, and Elijah was sent to none of them except to a widow at Zarephath in Sidon"—for she had been judged worthy of that wonder by divine decree—so in the days of Jesus many were dead, yet only those whom the Word knew to be suitable were raised. This was so that the Lord's deeds would serve not merely as symbols but would themselves draw many to wonder at the teaching of the Gospel. I would also say that, in keeping with Jesus' promise, his disciples have performed "greater" works than the sensory miracles Jesus did. For the eyes of the spiritually blind are continually opened, and the ears of those deaf to virtue now listen eagerly to words about God and the blessed life with him. Many who were lame in the inner person—what Scripture calls the "inward" self—have been healed by the Word; they do not merely leap, but "leap like a deer," an animal that is the serpent's enemy and superior to all the venom of vipers. These healed lame receive from Jesus "authority to tread" with the very feet that were once lame "upon" the "serpents and scorpions" of wickedness and, in short, "over all the power of the enemy"; as they tread, they are not harmed, for they themselves have become stronger than all wickedness and the poison of the demons.

Greek

Πολλάκις δ᾿ ὁ Κέλσος ἤδη μὴ δυνάμενος ἀντιβλέπειν αἷς ἀναγέγραπται πεποιηκέναι δυνάμεσιν ὁ Ἰησοῦς διαβάλλει αὐτὰς ὡς γοητείας· καὶ πολλάκις τῷ λόγῳ κατὰ τὸ δυνατὸν ἡμῖν ἀντείπομεν. καὶ νῦν δέ φησιν οἱονεὶ ἡμᾶς ἀποκρίνασθαι ὅτι διὰ τοῦτ᾿ ἐνομίσαμεν αὐτὸν εἶναι υἱὸν θεοῦ, ἐπεὶ χωλοὺς καὶ τυφλοὺς ἐθεράπευσε. προστίθησι δὲ καὶ τό· ὡς ὑμεῖς φατε, ἀνίστη νεκρούς. ὅτι μὲν οὖν χωλοὺς καὶ τυφλοὺς ἐθεράπευσε, διόπερ Χριστὸν αὐτὸν καὶ υἱὸν θεοῦ νομίζομεν, δῆλον ἡμῖν ἐστιν ἐκ τοῦ καὶ ἐν προφητείαις γεγράφθαι· „τότε ἀνοιχθήσονται ὀφθαλμοὶ τυφλῶν, καὶ ὦτα κωφῶν ἀκούσονται· τότε ἁλεῖται ὡς ἔλαφος ὁ χωλός.“ ὅτι δὲ καὶ νεκροὺς ἀνίστη καὶ οὐκ ἔστι πλάσμα τῶν τὰ εὐαγγέλια γραψάντων, παρίσταται ἐκ τοῦ, εἰ μὲν πλάσμα ἦν, πολλοὺς (ἂν) ἀναγεγράφθαι τοὺς ἀναστάντας, καὶ τοὺς ἤδη χρόνους ἔχοντας πλείονας ἐν τοῖς μνημείοις· ἐπεὶ δ᾿ οὐκ ἔστι πλάσμα. πάνυ εὐαριθμήτους λελέχθαι, τήν τε τοῦ ἀρχισυναγώγου θυγατέρα (περὶ ἧς οὐκ οἶδ᾿ ὅπως εἶπεν· „οὐκ ἀπέθανεν ἀλλὰ καθεύδει,“ λέγων τι περὶ αὐτῆς, (ὃ) οὐ πᾶσι τοῖς ἀποθανοῦσι προσῆν,) καὶ τὸν μονογενῆ τῆς χήρας υἱὸν, ἐφ᾿ ᾧ σπλαγχνισθεὶς ἀνέστησεν αὐτὸν, στήσας τοὺς φέροντας τὸν νεκρὸν, καὶ τρίτον Λάζαρον τετάρτην ἡμέραν ἐν τῷ μνημείῳ ἔχοντα. καὶ φήσομεν γ᾿ ἔτι (περὶ) τούτων τοῖς εὐγνωμονεστέροις καὶ μάλιστα τῷ Ἰουδαίῳ ὅτι, ὥσπερ „πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν ἡμέραις Ἐλισσαίου τοῦ προφήτου, καὶ οὐδεὶς αὐτῶν ἐκαθαρίσθη εἰ μὴ Ναιμὰν ὁ Σύρος,“ καὶ „πολλαὶ χῆραι ἦσαν ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις Ἠλίου“ τοῦ προφήτου, „καὶ πρὸς οὐδεμίαν αὐτῶν ἐπέμφθη χήραν ὁ Ἠλίας εἰ μὴ εἰς Σαραφθὰ τῆς Σιδωνίας“· ἀξία γὰρ ἐγεγόνει τοῦ ὑπὸ τοῦ προφήτου γεγενημένου τεραστίου ἐν τοῖς ἄρτοις κατά τινα θείαν κρίσιν· οὕτω πολλοὶ νεκροὶ ἦσαν ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις Ἰησοῦ, ἀλλὰ μόνοι ἀνέστησαν, οὓς ἔγνω ὁ λόγος ἐπιτηδείους πρὸς τὴν ἀνάστασιν, ἵνα μὴ μόνον σύμβολά τινων ᾖ τὰ γενόμενα ὑπὸ τοῦ κυρίου, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτόθεν προσαγάγῃ πολλοὺς τῇ θαυμασίᾳ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου διδασκαλίᾳ. ἐγὼ δ᾿ εἴποιμ᾿ ἂν ὅτι κατὰ τὴν Ἰησοῦ ἐπαγγελίαν οἱ μαθηταὶ καὶ „μείζονα“ πεποιήκασιν ὧν Ἰησοῦς αἰσθητῶν πεποίηκεν. ἀεὶ γὰρ ἀνοίγονται ὀφθαλμοὶ τυφλῶν τὴν ψυχὴν, καὶ ὦτα τῶν ἐκκεκωφημένων πρὸς λόγους ἀρετῆς ἀκούει προθύμως περὶ θεοῦ καὶ τῆς παρ᾿ αὐτῷ μακαρίας ζωῆς. πολλοὶ δὲ καὶ χωλοὶ τὰς βάσεις τοῦ, ὡς ἡ γραφὴ ὠνόμασεν, „ἔσω“ ἀνθρώπου, νῦν τοῦ λόγου ἰασαμένου αὐτοὺς, οὐχ ἁπλῶς ἅλλονται ἀλλ᾿ „ὡς ἔλαφος,“ πολέμιον τῶν ὄφεων ζῷον καὶ κρεῖττον παντὸς ἰοῦ τῶν ἐχιδνῶν. καὶ οὗτοί γε οἱ θεραπευθέντες χωλοὶ λαμβάνουσιν ἀπὸ Ἰησοῦ „ἐξουσίαν πατεῖν“ τοῖς ποσὶν, οἷς πρότερον ἦσαν χωλοὶ, „ἐπάνω“ τῶν τῆς κακίας „ὄφεων καὶ σκορπίων“ καὶ ἁπαξαπλῶς „ἐπὶ πᾶσαν τὴν δύναμιν τοῦ ἐχθροῦ, καὶ πατοῦντες οὐκ ἀδικοῦνται· κρείττους γὰρ καὶ αὐτοὶ γεγόνασι τοῦ πάσης κακίας καὶ τῶν δαιμόνων ἰοῦ.

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