Justin Martyrc. 155 · Methodius of Olympusc. 300 · Augustine of Hippoc. 401Virginity higher
From Justin on, lifelong virginity was honored, and by the fourth century writers called it the higher way: Methodius praised it, and Augustine called it a counsel, better but not commanded. 134
Clement of Alexandriac. 200 · Augsburg Confession (Lutheran)1530Both good
The same writers defended marriage against those who condemned it. Clement says marriage according to reason is no sin. The Reformers rejected the ranking. 25
The answers given:
ApostolicBefore NicaeaNicaea and afterMiddle AgesReformation to today
Scroll through the centuries, or tap a dot. JK move between witnesses.
Before Nicaea
150–325
155c. AD
Virginity higher
Justin Martyr c. 100–c. 165 ADFirst Apology 15.6
And many men and women of sixty and seventy years, who were disciples of Christ from childhood, remain pure; and I boast that I could show such people in every race of mankind.
Lifelong virginity is already a mark of Christians about 155.
Full English of this work is being translated
Καὶ πολλοί τινες καὶ πολλαὶ ἑξηκοντοῦται καὶ ἑβδομηκοντοῦται, οἵ ἐκ παίδων ἐμαθητεύθησαν τῷ Χριστῷ, ἄφθοροι διαμένουσι· καὶ εὔχομαι κατὰ πᾶν γένος ἀνθρώπων τοιούτους δεῖξαι.S. Iustini Aplogiae Duae Justin Martyr Gerhard Rauschen Petri Hanstein Bonn 1911 Florilegium Patristicum 2 Internet Archive (First1KGreek TEI, urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0645.tlg001) · English: translated for this page from the Greek
200c. AD
Both good
Clement of Alexandria c. 150–c. 215 ADStromata 3.9.66–67
Let no one think marriage according to reason a sin, unless he thinks bringing up children bitter (for to many childlessness is the most painful thing); and let him who finds the begetting of children bitter, because the necessary cares draw him away from divine things, not desire marriage if he cannot easily bear the single life.
Book 3 of the Stromata defends marriage against those who condemned it.
Full English of this work is being translated
μήτ’ οὖν ἁμάρτημά τις ἡγείσθω τὸν γάμον τὸν κατὰ λόγον, εἰ μὴ πικρὰν ὑπολαμβάνει παιδοτροφίαν (πολλοῖς γὰρ ἔμπαλιν ἀτεκνία λυπηρότατον), μήτ’, ἂν πικρὰ ἡ παιδοποιία φαίνηταί τινι μεταπερισπῶσα τῶν θείων διὰ τὰς χρειώδεις ἀσχολίας, μὴ φέρων οὗτος εὐκόλως τὸν μονήρη βίον ἐπιθυμείτω γάμουClement of Alexandria Otto Stählin Clemens Alexandrinus Stromata Hinrichs Leipzig 1906-1909 2-3 Google Books Internet Archive (Perseus TEI, urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0555.tlg004) · English: translated for this page from the Greek
300c. AD
Virginity higher
Methodius of Olympus d. c. 311 ADSymposium 10.1
... until virginity, succeeding the law, reigned over humankind by the commands of Christ.
A dialogue of ten virgins in praise of chastity, modeled on Plato's Symposium.
Full English of this work is being translated
μέχρις ἡ παρθενία διαδεξαμένη τὸν νόμον Χριστοῦ ταγαῖς τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐβασίλευσεν.Methodius D.G. Nathanael Bonwetsch Methodius J. C. Hinrichs'Sche Buchhandlung Leipzig 1917 Internet Archive (First1KGreek TEI, urn:cts:greekLit:tlg2959.tlg001) · English: translated for this page from the Greek
Nicaea to Chalcedon
325–451
401c. AD
Virginity higher
Augustine of Hippo 354–430 ADOn Holy Virginity 15.15
"Are you free from a wife? Do not seek a wife" (1 Corinthians 7:27) is a counsel, not a command; so it is allowed, but it is better not to do it. Then he adds at once: "But if you marry, you have not sinned."
Augustine wrote On the Good of Marriage at the same time, against Jovinian, who said virgins earned no more reward than married people.
Full English of this work is being translated
illud autem, quod addidit: solutus es ab uxore? ne quaesieris uxorem, consilii sententia est, non praecepti; licet itaque facere, sed melius est non facere. denique continuo subiecit: et si acceperis uxorem, non peccastiJoseph Zycha Augustine Sancti Aureli Augustini Opera F. Tempsky G. Freytag Prague Vienna Leipzig 1900 Sectio V, Pars III Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum Latinorum 41 Internet Archive (OGL CSEL TEI, urn:cts:latinLit:stoa0040.stoa060) · English: translated for this page from the Latin
God hath commanded to honor marriage. The laws in all well ordered commonwealths, even among the heathen, have adorned marriage with very great honors.
Article 23, on the marriage of priests: the Lutheran reply to compulsory celibacy. Marriage is God's command and an honoured estate; a vow cannot set aside God's ordinance.
1563AD
Virginity higher
Council of TrentSession 24, Canons on Matrimony Canon 10
If anyone says that the married state is to be preferred to the state of virginity or celibacy, and that it is not better and more blessed to remain in virginity or celibacy than to be joined in marriage: let him be anathema.
Trent's answer to the Reformation on this point (1563): marriage is honoured, but the celibate state, freely kept for the kingdom, is the better and more blessed one.
Full English of this work is being translated · Source text
Si quis dixerit, statum coniugalem anteponendum esse statui virginitatis vel coelibatus, et non esse melius ac beatius manere in virginitate aut coelibatu, quam iungi matrimonio: A. S.Denzinger, Enchiridion symbolorum, 11th ed. (1911), no. 981 · English: translated for this page from the Latin
Witnesses not in the library yet
These writers also matter for this question. Their texts will join the timeline above once they are translated.
393
Jerome, Against Jovinian
The sharpest ranking of virginity over marriage, against Jovinian.
340
Council of Gangra, Canons 1, 9–10
Anathemas on those who condemn marriage or despise the married.
How this page was made
Every early quote was read in its Greek or Latin and translated for this page by Claude (Opus 5.5) on 13 October 2026. Each line names the printed edition it was read from. A quote marked indirect does not state the answer outright; read its note. A writer's silence is never counted as an answer.