The woes of Jesus and the woes of the prophets
Celsus, bringing the Jew on as a speaking character, could find nothing to put into his mouth in his discourse that could not be thrown back at him from the writings of the Law and the Prophets. For he finds fault with Jesus, saying this about him: “He threatens and reviles rashly whenever he says, ‘Woe to you’ (compare Matthew 23:13–29; Luke 6:24–26) and ‘I tell you beforehand.’ For in these words he openly admits that he cannot persuade, which would not happen to a god, nor even to a sensible man.”
But see whether these charges do not plainly turn back on the Jew. For in the writings of the Law and the Prophets God threatens and reviles when he pronounces woes no less than those in the gospel. Such are these words in Isaiah: “Woe to those who join house to house and bring field near to field” (Isaiah 5:8); and “Woe to those who rise early in the morning and pursue strong drink” (Isaiah 5:11); and “Woe to those who drag their sins along as with a long rope” (Isaiah 5:18); and “Woe to those who call evil good and good evil” (Isaiah 5:20); and “Woe to the strong among you, who drink wine” (Isaiah 5:22). And you could find countless others. And how are the words “Woe, sinful nation, people full of sins, evil seed, lawless sons” (Isaiah 1:4), and what follows, not like the threats he speaks of? These words are followed by threats so great that they are no less than those he says Jesus spoke. Or is it not a threat, and a great one, that says: “Your land is desolate, your cities burned with fire; strangers devour your country in your presence, and it is laid waste, overthrown by foreign peoples” (Isaiah 1:7)? And how are there not insults against the people in Ezekiel as well, where the Lord says to the prophet, “You dwell in the midst of scorpions” (Ezekiel 2:6)?
Did you, then, Celsus, know what you were doing when you made the Jew say of Jesus that “he threatens and reviles rashly whenever he says, ‘Woe to you’ and ‘I tell you beforehand’”? Do you not see that the very things your Jew says in accusing Jesus could be said to him about God? For, by the Jew’s way of thinking, the God of the prophets is plainly found open to like charges, as one unable to persuade.
Further, to those who think that Celsus’s Jew is right to bring these charges against Jesus, I would say this on the point: a great many curses are written in Leviticus and Deuteronomy (see Leviticus 26:14–39; Deuteronomy 27:15–26; Deuteronomy 28:15–68). However the Jew defends them when he stands up for the Scripture, in that way, or even better, we will defend what are taken to be the insults and threats spoken by Jesus. And we shall be better able than the Jew to defend the Law of Moses itself, since we have been taught by Jesus to hear the writings of the Law with more understanding than he does. Yet the Jew too, if he sees the intent of the prophetic words, will be able to show that God does not threaten and revile rashly when he says “Woe” and “I tell you beforehand,” and how God would say such things for the conversion of human beings, things that Celsus thinks not even a sensible man would do. And Christians, who know one God, the same in the prophets and in the Lord, will show the good reason behind what are thought to be threats and what Celsus calls insults.
Let me also say a few words on this point to Celsus, who claims both to be a philosopher and to know our teachings. My good man, if Hermes in Homer says to Odysseus, “Why, unhappy man, do you go once more alone across the hilltops?” (Homer, Odyssey 10.281), you accept the defence that Homer’s Hermes speaks to Odysseus like this to turn him; for flattery and pleasing words belong to the Sirens, beside whom lies “a heap of bones” (Homer, Odyssey 12.45), and who say, “Come here, much-praised Odysseus, great glory of the Achaeans” (Homer, Odyssey 12.184). But if my prophets, and Jesus himself, say “Woe” and what you take for insults to turn their hearers, is nothing then wisely arranged for the hearers by such words, and does he not apply such speech to them as a healing remedy of Paeon?
Unless, perhaps, you would have God, or one who shares in the divine nature, when he speaks with human beings, look only to what belongs to his own nature and is worthy of himself, and no longer consider what is fitting to declare to the people who are being guided and led by his word, and to speak with each according to that person’s own character. And how is it not laughable that this inability to persuade should be said of Jesus, when it applies equally not only to the Jew, who has many such things in his prophecies, but also to the Greeks? Among them each of those who won great fame for wisdom was unable to persuade those who plotted against him, or the judges, or the accusers, to cease from wickedness and to travel by way of philosophy toward virtue.
Greek
Οὐχ εὗρε δ᾿ ὁ Κέλσος προσωποποιῶν τὸν Ἰουδαῖον τοιαῦτα αὐτῷ περιθεῖναι ἐν τῷ λόγῳ, ὁποῖα οὐκ ἂν αὐτῷ ἀπὸ τῶν νομίμων καὶ προφητικῶν προφέροιτο γραφῶν. μέμφεται γὰρ τὸν Ἰησοῦν τοιαῦτα λέγων περὶ αὐτοῦ· ἀπειλεῖ καὶ λοιδορεῖ κούφως ὁπόταν λέγῃ· „οὐαὶ ὑμῖν“ καὶ „προλέγω ὑμῖν.“ ἐν γὰρ τούτοις ἄντικρυς ὁμολογεῖ ὅτι πεῖσαι ἀδυνατεῖ, ὅπερ οὐκ ἂν θεὸς ἀλλ᾿ οὐδ᾿ ἄνθρωπος φρόνιμος πάθοι. ὅρα δὲ εἰ μὴ ταῦτα ἄντικρυς ἀναστρέφει ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰουδαῖον. ἀπιλεῖ γὰρ ἐν ταῖς νομικαῖς καὶ προφητικαῖς γραφαῖς ὁ θεὸς καὶ λοιδορεῖ, ὁπόταν λέγῃ, οὐκ ἐλάττονα τῶν ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ „οὐαί·“ ὁποῖά ἐστι τὰ ἐν Ἡσαΐᾳ οὕτως ἔχοντα· „οὐαὶ οἱ συνάπτοντες οἰκίαν πρὸς οἰκίαν, καὶ ἀγρὸν πρὸς ἀγρὸν ἐγγίζοντες“ καὶ „οὐαὶ οἱ ἐγειρόμενοι τὸ πρωῒ καὶ τὸ σίκερα διώκοντες“ καὶ „οὐαὶ οἱ ἐπισπώμενοι τὰς ἁμαρτίας ὡς σχοινίῳ μακρῷ“ καὶ „οὐαὶ οἱ λέγοντες τὸ πονηρὸν καλὸν καὶ τὸ καλὸν πονηρὸν“ καὶ „οὐαὶ οἱ ἰσχύοντες ὑμῶν, οἱ πίνοντες τὸν οἶνον.“ καὶ ἄλλα δ᾿ ἂν εὕροις μυρία. πῶς δ᾿ οὐ παραπλήσια αἷς λέγει ἀπειλαῖς ἐστι τὸ „οὐαὶ ἔθνος ἁμαρτωλὸν, λαὸς πλήρης ἁμαρτιῶν. σπέρμα πονηρὸν, υἱοὶ ἄνομοι“ καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς; οἷς ἐπιφέρει τηλικαύτας ἀπειλὰς. αἵ εἰσιν οὐκ ἐλάττους ὧν φησι τὸν Ἰησοῦν εἰρηκέναι. ἢ οὐκ ἔστιν ἀπειλὴ καὶ μεγάλη γε ἡ φάσκουσα· „ἡ γῆ ὑμῶν ἔρημος. αἱ πόλεις ὑμῶν πυρίκαυστοι· τὴν χώραν ὑμῶν ἐνώπιον ὑμῶν ἀλλότριοι κατεσθίουσιν αὐτὴν, καὶ ἠρήμωται κατεστραμμένη ὑπὸ λαῶν ἀλλοτρίων“; πῶς δ᾿ οὐ λοιδορίαι καὶ ἐν τῷ Ἰεζεκιήλ εἰσι πρὸς τὸν λαὸν. ἔνθα ὁ κύριός ἐστι λέγων πρὸς τὸν προφήτην· „ἐν μέσῳ σκορπίων σὺ κατοικεῖς“; ἆρ᾿ οὖν, ὦ Κέλσε, συνῃσθημένος πεποίηκας τὸν Ἰουδαῖον λέγοντα περὶ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ὅτι ἀπειλεῖ καὶ λοιδορεῖ κούφως, ὁπόταν λέγῃ· „οὐαὶ ὑμῖν„ καὶ „προλέγω ὑμῖν“; οὐχ ὁρᾷς ὅτι ἅπερ κατηγορῶν λέγει ὁ παρὰ σοὶ Ἰουδαῖος τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ταῦτα ἂν λέγοιτο πρὸς αὐτὸν περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ; ἄντικρυς γὰρ ἐν τοῖς ὁμοίοις εὑρίσκεται ὢν, ὡς οἴεται ὁ Ἰουδαῖος, ἐγκλήμασιν ὁ ἐν τοῖς προφήταις θεὸς ὡς πεῖσαι ἀδυνατῶν. ἔτι δὲ φήσαιμ᾿ ἂν περὶ αὐτῶν τοῖς οἰομένοις τὸν παρὰ τῷ Κέλσῳ Ἰουδαῖον εὖ ταῦτα τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἐγκαλεῖν ὅτι ἀραὶ πλεῖσται ὅσαι ἀναγεγραμμέναι εἰσὶν ἐν Λευϊτικῷ καὶ Δευτερονομίῳ, περὶ ὧν ὡς ἐὰν ἀπολογήσηται ὁ Ἰουδαῖος παριστάμενος τῇ γραφῇ. ἢ τοιούτως ἢ καὶ ἔτι βέλτιον ἀπολογησόμεθα περὶ τῶν νομιζομένων ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ εἰρῆσθαι λοιδοριῶν καὶ ἀπειλῶν. καὶ περὶ αὐτοῦ δὲ τοῦ Μωϋσέως νόμου ἡμεῖς μᾶλλον δυνησόμεθα ἀπολογήσασθαι, ἅτε συνετώτερον διδαχθέντες ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἀκούειν τῶν νομικῶν γραμμάτων ἤπερ ὁ Ἰουδαῖος. ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ Ἰουδαῖος ἐὰν ἴδῃ τὸ βούλημα τῶν προφητικῶν λόγων, παραστῆναι δυνήσεται τῷ μὴ κούφως ἀπειλεῖν καὶ λοιδορεῖν τὸν θεὸν λέγοντα τὸ „οὐαὶ“ καὶ „προλέγω ὑμῖν,“ καὶ πῶς θεὸς ὑπὲρ ἐπιστροφῆς ἀνθρώπων τὰ ποιαῦτα ἂν λέγοι, ἅπερ οἴεται οὐδὲ φρόνιμον ἄνθρωπον ποιῆσαι ὁ Κέλσος. καὶ Χριστιανοὶ δὲ ἕνα θεὸν γινώσκοντες. τὸν ἐν τοῖς προφήταις καὶ τῷ κυρίῳ, παραστήσουσι τὸ εὔλογον τῶν νομιζομένων ἀπειλῶν καὶ λεγομένων παρὰ τῷ Κέλσῳ λοιδοριῶν. καὶ ὀλίγα εἰς τὸν τόπον λελέξεται πρὸς τὸν Κέλσον, ἐπαγγελλόμενον καὶ φιλοσοφεῖν καὶ τὰ ἡμέτερα εἰδέναι· ὅτι ἆρα. ὦ οὗτος, ἐὰν μὲν ὁ παρὰ τῷ Ὁμήρῳ Ἑρμῆς λέγῃ τῷ Ὀδυσσεῖ· τίπτ᾿ αὖ, ὦ δύστηνε, δι᾿ ἄκριας ἔρχεαι οἶος; ἀνέχῃ ἀπολογίας, λεγούσης ὅτι ὑπὲρ ἐπιστροφῆς τῷ Ὀδυσσεῖ τοιαῦτα προσδιαλέγεται ὁ Ὁμηρικὸς Ἑρμῆς (ἐπεὶ τὸ κολακεύειν καὶ κεχαρισμένα λέγειν Σειρήνων ἐστὶν, αἷς πάρεστιν ἀμφ᾿ ὀστεόφιν θὶς λεγούσαις· δεῦρ᾿ ἄγ᾿ ἰὼν, πολύαιν᾿ Ὀδυσεῦ, μέγα κῦδος Ἀχαιῶν)· ἐὰν δ᾿ οἱ παρ᾿ ἐμοὶ προφῆται καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ Ἰησοῦς ὑπὲρ ἐπιστροφῆς τῶν ἀκουόντων λέγῃ τὸ οὐαὶ καὶ ἃς νομίζεις λοιδορίας. οὐδὲν οἰκονομεῖται πρὸς τοὺς ἀκούοντας διὰ τῶν τοιούτων λόγων οὐδὲ προσάγει αὐτοῖς ὡς Παιώνιον φάρμακον τὸν τοιοῦτον λόγον; εἰ μὴ ἄρα βούλει τὸν θεὸν ἢ τὸν θείας μετέχοντα φύσεως ἀνθρώποις διαλεγόμενον σκοπεῖν μὲν τὰ τῆς ἰδίας φύσεως καὶ τὰ κατ᾿ ἀξίαν ἑαυτοῦ μηκέτι δ᾿ ἐνορᾶν. τί πρέπει τοῖς οἰκονομουμένοις καὶ ἀγομένοις ἀνθρώποις ὑπὸ τοῦ λόγου αὐτοῦ ἐπαγγέλλεσθαι καὶ ἑκάστῳ γε κατὰ τὸ ὑποκείμενον ἦθος διαλέγεσθαι. πῶς δὲ καὶ οὐ γελοῖον τὸ πεῖσαι ἀδυνατεῖν λεγόμενον περὶ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ καὶ κοινοποιούμενον οὐ μόνον πρὸς τὸν Ἰουδαῖον. πολλὰ τοιαῦτα ἔχοντα ἐν ταῖς προφητείαις. ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς Ἕλληνας, ἐν οἶς ἕκαστος τῶν μεγάλην δόξαν ἐπὶ σοφίᾳ ἀπενεγκαμένων οὐ δεδύνηται πεῖσαι τοὺς ἐπιβουλεύοντας ἢ τοὺς δικαστὰς ἢ τοὺς κατηγοροῦντας παύσασθαι μὲν τῆς κακίας ὁδεῦσαι δὲ διὰ φιλοσοφίας ἐπ᾿ ἀρετήν;