Not the body but the Word is God
After this the Jew says: “How could we have regarded as God one who, among other things, as was commonly heard, displayed none of what he promised; and who, when we had convicted and condemned him and judged that he should be punished, was caught hiding and running away in the most disgraceful way, and was betrayed by the very men he called his disciples? And yet,” he says, “one who was God could neither flee nor be bound and led away; and least of all could one who was thought to be a saviour, and son and angel of the greatest God, be deserted and handed over by those who were with him, who had shared everything with him privately, and who had him for their teacher.”
To this we shall say that we too do not suppose that the body of Jesus, which was then seen and perceived by the senses, was God. And why do I speak of the body? Not even his soul, of which it is said: “My soul is very sorrowful, even to death” (Matthew 26:38; Mark 14:34). But just as, according to the Jews’ account, he who says “I am the Lord, the God of all flesh” (Jeremiah 32:27) and “Before me there was no other god, and after me there will be none” (Isaiah 43:10) is believed to be God, using the soul and body of the prophet as an instrument; and as, according to the Greeks, he who says “I know the number of the sand and the measures of the sea; I understand the mute, and I hear one who does not speak” (Herodotus, Histories 1.47) is held to be a god, speaking and being heard through the Pythia; so, according to us, the Word, who is God and Son of the God of the universe, said in Jesus: “I am the way and the truth and the life” (John 14:6), and “I am the door” (John 10:9), and “I am the living bread that came down from heaven” (John 6:51), and anything else like these.
We therefore charge the Jews with not regarding him as God, though the prophets in many places bear witness that he is a great power, and God in accordance with the God and Father of the universe. For we say that it was to him that the Father gave the command in the creation of the world recorded by Moses, saying “Let there be light” (Genesis 1:3) and “Let there be a firmament” (Genesis 1:6), and all the rest that God commanded to come into being; and that it was to him he said, “Let us make man according to our image and likeness” (Genesis 1:26); and that the Word, so commanded, made all that the Father enjoined on him. We say this not as our own conjecture, but because we believe the prophecies current among the Jews, in which these very words are said about God and the things he made: “For he spoke, and they came into being; he commanded, and they were created” (Psalm 33:9; Psalm 148:5). For if God commanded and the things made were created, who, in the mind of the prophetic Spirit, could be the one able to carry out so great a command of the Father, except he who is, if I may so name him, the living Word and “the Truth” (John 14:6)?
That the Gospels too do not know the one who said in Jesus “I am the way and the truth and the life” as someone circumscribed, as though he existed nowhere outside the soul and body of Jesus, is plain from many passages, and also from the few that we shall cite, which run as follows. John the Baptist, prophesying that the Son of God would very soon appear, not as one confined to that body and soul but as one who reaches everywhere, says of him: “Among you stands one whom you do not know, who comes after me” (John 1:26–27). If, then, he had thought that the Son of God was only where the visible body of Jesus was, how could he have said, “Among you stands one whom you do not know”? And Jesus himself, raising the thoughts of his disciples to think greater things about the Son of God, says: “Where two or three are gathered in my name, there I am among them” (Matthew 18:20). Of the same kind is his promise to the disciples when he says: “And behold, I am with you all the days until the end of the age” (Matthew 28:20).
We say this without separating the Son of God from Jesus; for after the saving dispensation the soul and body of Jesus have become, in the fullest sense, one with the Word of God. For if, according to the teaching of Paul, who says, “He who is joined to the Lord is one spirit” (1 Corinthians 6:17), everyone who has understood what it is to be joined to the Lord, and has been joined to him, is one spirit with the Lord, how much more, in a more divine and greater way, is that which was once composite one with the Word of God? He indeed showed among the Jews that he was “the power of God” (1 Corinthians 1:24) by the wonders he worked. Celsus suspected that these were done by sorcery; the Jews of that time, who had learned the tales about Beelzebul from I know not where, suspected that he cast out “demons by Beelzebul, the ruler of the demons” (Matthew 12:24; Mark 3:22; Luke 11:15). Our Saviour refuted them there for speaking most absurdly, by pointing out that the kingdom of evil had not yet come to an end (Matthew 12:26; Mark 3:26). This will be clear to those who read the Gospel scripture with understanding; but this is not the time to explain it.
Greek
Μετὰ ταῦτά φησιν ὁ Ἰουδαῖος· πῶς δ᾿ ἐμέλλομεν τοῦτον νομίζειν θεὸν, ὃς τά τε ἄλλα. ὥσπερ ἐπηκούετο, οὐδὲν ὧν ἐπηγγέλλετο ἐπεδείκνυτο, καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἡμεῖς ἐλέγξαντες αὐτὸν καὶ καταγνόντες ἠξιοῦμεν κολάζεσθαι, κρυπτόμενος μὲν καὶ διαδιδράσκων ἐπονειδιστότατα ἑάλω, ὑπ᾿ αὐτῶν δὲ ὧν ὠνόμαζε μαθητῶν προὐδόθη; καίτοι θεὸν. φησὶν. ὄντα οὔτε φεύγειν ἐνῆν οὔτε δεθέντα ἀπάγεσθαι. ἥκιστα δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν συνόντων αὐτῷ καὶ παντὸς ἰδίᾳ κεκοινωνηκότων καὶ διδασκάλῳ χρωμένων σωτῆρα νομιζόμενον καὶ θεοῦ τοῦ μεγίστου παῖδα καὶ ἄγγελον ἐγκαταλείπεσθαί τε καὶ ἐκδίδοσθαι. πρὸς ταῦτα δὲ φήσομεν ὅτι οὐδ᾿ ἡμεῖς ὑπολαμβάνομεν τὸ βλεπόμενον τότε καὶ αἰσθητὸν τοῦ Ἰησοῦ σῶμα εἶναι θεόν. καὶ τί λέγω τὸ σῶμα; ἀλλ᾿ οὐδὲ τὴν ψυχὴν, περὶ ἧς λέλεκται τό· „περίλυπός ἐστιν ἡ ψυχή μου ἕως θανάτου.“ ἀλλ᾿ ὥσπερ κατὰ μὲν τὸν Ἰουδαίων λόγον ὁ λέγων· „ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς πάσης σαρκὸς“ καὶ τό· „ἔμπροσθέν μου οὐκ ἐγένετο ἄλλος θεὸς. καὶ μετ᾿ ἐμὲ οὐκ ἔσται“ ὁ θεὸς εἶναι πεπίστευται, ὀργάνῳ τῇ ψυχῇ καὶ τῷ σώματι τοῦ προφήτου χρώμενος, κατὰ δὲ Ἕλληνας ὁ λέγων· οἶδα δ᾿ ἐγὼ ψάμμου τ᾿ ἀριθμὸν καὶ μέτρα θαλάσσης. καὶ κωφοῦ ξυνίημι, καὶ οὐ λαλέοντος ἀκούω θεὸς νενόμισται διὰ τῆς Πυθίας λέγων καὶ ἀκουόμενος· οὕτω καθ᾿ ἡμᾶς ὁ λόγος θεὸς καὶ θεοῦ τῶν ὅλων υἱὸς ἔλεγεν ἐν τῷ Ἰησοῦ τό· „ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωὴ“ καὶ τό· „ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα“ καὶ τό· „ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἄρτος ὁ ζῶν ὁ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καταβὰς.“ καὶ εἴ τι ἄλλο τούτοις παραπλήσιον. ἐγκαλοῦμεν οὖν Ἰουδαίοις τοῦτον μὴ νομίσασι θεὸν, ὑπο τῶν προφητῶν πολλαχοῦ μεμαρτυρημένον ὡς μεγάλην ὄντα δύναμιν καὶ θεὸν κατὰ τὸν τῶν ὅλων θεὸν καὶ πατέρα. τούτῳ γάρ φαμεν ἐν τῇ κατὰ Μωϋσέα κοσμοποιΐᾳ προστάττοντα τὸν πατέρα εἰρηκέναι τό· „γενηθήτω φῶς“ καὶ „γενηθήτω στερέωμα“ καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ, ὅσα προσέταξεν ὁ θεὸς γενέσθαι, καὶ τούτῳ εἰρηκέναι τό· „ποιήσωμεν ἄνθρωπον κατ᾿ εἰκόνα καὶ ὁμοίωσιν ἡμετέραν“· προσταχθέντα δὲ τὸν λόγον πεποιηκέναι πάντα, ὅσα ὁ πατὴρ αὐτῷ ἐνετείλατο. καὶ ταῦτα λέγομεν οὐκ αὐτοὶ ἐπιβάλλοντες ἀλλὰ ταῖς παρὰ Ἰουδαίοις φερομέναις προφητείαις πιστεύοντες· ἐν αἷς λέγεται περὶ θεοῦ καὶ τῶν δημιουργημάτων αὐταῖς λέξεσι τὰ οὕτως ἔχοντα· „ὅτι αὐτὸς εἶπε καὶ ἐγενήθησαν, αὐτὸς ἐνετείλατο καὶ ἐκτίσθησαν.“ εἰ γὰρ ἐνετείλατο ὁ θεὸς, καὶ ἐκτίσθη τὰ δημιουργήματα, τίς ἂν κατὰ τὸ ἀρέσκον τῷ προφητικῷ πνεύματι εἴη ὁ τὴν τηλικαύτην τοῦ πατρὸς ἐντολὴν ἐκπληρῶσαι δυνηθεὶς ἢ ὁ, ἵν᾿ οὕτως ὀνομάσω, ἔμψυχος λόγος καὶ „ἀλήθεια“ τυγχάνων; ὅτι δὲ τὸν ἐν τῷ Ἰησοῦ λέγοντα τό· „ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωὴ“ οὐδὲ τὰ εὐαγγέλια οἶδε περιγεγραμμένον τινὰ γεγονέναι, ὡς οὐδαμοῦ ἔξω τῆς ψυχῆς καὶ τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Ἰησοῦ τυγχάνοντα, δῆλον μὲν καὶ ἀπὸ πολλῶν καὶ ἐξ ὀλίγων δὲ ὧν παραθησόμεθα οὕτως ἐχόντων. ὁ βαπτιστὴς Ἰωάννης προφητεύων ὅσον οὐδέπω ἐνστήσεσθαι τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ, οὐκ ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ σώματι καὶ τῇ ψυχῇ τυγχάνοντα ἀλλὰ γὰρ φθάνοντα πανταχοῦ, λέγει περὶ αὐτοῦ· „μέσος ὑμῶν στήκει, ὃν ὑμεῖς οὐκ οἴδατε, ὀπίσω μου ἐρχόμενος.“ εἴπερ οὖν ἐνόει ἐκεῖ μόνον εἶναι τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ, ὅπου τὸ βλεπόμενον ἦν σῶμα Ἰησοῦ, πῶς ἔφασκεν ἂν τό· „μέσος ὑμῶν στήκει, ὃν ὑμεῖς οὐκ οἴδατε“; καὶ αὐτὸς δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐπαίρων τὸ φρόνημα τῶν μαθητευόντων αὐτῷ εἰς τὸ μείζονα φρονεῖν περὶ υἱοῦ θεοῦ φησιν· „ὅπου δύο ἢ τρεῖς συνηγμένοι εἰς τὸ ἐμὸν ὄνομα, ἐκεῖ εἰμι ἐν μέσῳ αὐτῶν.“ τοιαύτη δ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἐστι καὶ ἡ πρὸς τοὺς μαθητὰς ἐπαγγελία λέγοντος· „καὶ ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν εἰμι πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ἕως τῆς συντελείας τοῦ αἰῶνος.“ ταῦτα δέ φαμεν οὐ χωρίζοντες τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ· ἓν γὰρ μάλιστα μετὰ τὴν οἰκονομίαν γεγένηται πρὸς τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα Ἰησοῦ. εἰ γὰρ κατὰ τὴν Παύλου διδασκαλίαν λέγοντος· „ὁ κολλώμενος τῷ κυρίῳ ἓν πνεῦμά ἐστι“ πᾶς ὁ νοήσας, τί τὸ κολλᾶσθαι τῷ κυρίῳ, καὶ κολληθεὶς αὐτῷ ἕν ἐστι πνεῦμα πρὸς τὸν κύριον, πῶς οὐ πολλῷ μᾶλλον θειοτέρως καὶ μειζόνως ἕν ἐστι τό ποτε σύνθετον πρὸς τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ; οὗτος δὴ ἐπεδείξατο ἐν Ἰουδαίοις „θεοῦ δύναμις“ ὢν τὸ τοιοῦτον δι᾿ ὧν παραδόξων ἐποίησεν, ὑπονοηθέντων ὑπὸ μὲν Κέλσου γοητείᾳ γεγονέναι ὑπὸ δὲ τῶν τότε Ἰουδαίων, οὐκ οἶδ᾿ ὁπόθεν τὰ περὶ Βεελζεβοὺλ μεμαθηκότων, „ἐν Βεελζεβοὺλ. ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων,“ ἐκβάλλειν „τὰ δαιμόνια.“ οὓς ἤλεγξεν ἀτοπώτατα λέγοντας ὁ σωτὴρ ἡμῶν ἐκεῖ τῷ μηδέπω τέλος ἔχειν τὴν τῆς κακίας βασιλείαν· ὅπερ ἔσται δῆλον τοῖς φρονίμως ἐντυγχάνουσι τῇ εὐαγγελικῇ γραφῇ, ἣν οὐ καιρὸς νῦν διηγήσασθαι.