Against Celsus, Book IV · §49 · Origen of Alexandria

The writers of Scripture read it figuratively

If Celsus had read the Scripture without prejudice, he would not have said that our writings “are not such as to admit allegory.” For from the prophecies, in which events drawn from history are written, but not as history, one may be led to see that the histories too were written with a figurative meaning as their aim, and were arranged with the greatest wisdom, with regard both for the multitude of those who believe more simply and for the few who wish, or are even able, to examine matters with understanding. And if it were those among Jews and Christians today whom Celsus counts reasonable who allegorized what is written, Celsus might perhaps be thought to be saying something plausible. But since the fathers and writers of the doctrines themselves interpret such things figuratively, what else is one to suppose than that they were written so as to be read figuratively in their primary sense?

We shall set out a few passages out of very many, to show that Celsus slanders the Scriptures in vain as incapable of admitting allegory. Paul, the apostle of Jesus, says: “It is written in the law, ‘You shall not muzzle an ox while it treads out the grain’ (Deuteronomy 25:4). Is it for oxen that God cares? Or does he speak entirely for our sake? It was written for our sake, because the one who ploughs ought to plough in hope, and the one who threshes ought to thresh in hope of a share” (1 Corinthians 9:9–10). And elsewhere the same apostle says: “For it is written, ‘For this reason a man shall leave father and mother and be joined to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh’ (Genesis 2:24). This mystery is great; but I speak with reference to Christ and to the church” (Ephesians 5:31–32). And again in another place: “We know that our fathers were all under the cloud, and all passed through the sea, and all were baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea” (1 Corinthians 10:1–2).

Then, interpreting the story of the manna (Exodus 16:14–15) and the account of the water that is recorded to have come miraculously out of a rock (Exodus 17:6; Numbers 20:11), he says this: “And all ate the same spiritual food, and all drank the same spiritual drink; for they drank from a spiritual rock that followed them, and the rock was Christ” (1 Corinthians 10:3–4). And Asaph, showing that the histories in Exodus and Numbers are “riddles” and “parables,” as is written in the book of Psalms, begins in this way when he is about to recall them: “Pay attention, my people, to my law; incline your ear to the words of my mouth. I will open my mouth in parables; I will utter riddles from of old, such things as we have heard and known, and our fathers have told us” (Psalm 78:1–3).

Greek

Εἰ δ᾿ ἀδεκάστως ἀνεγνώκει τὴν γραφὴν ὁ Κέλσος, οὐκ ἂν εἶπεν οὐχ οἷα ἀλληγορίαν ἐπιδέχεσθαι εἶναι τὰ γράμματα ἡμῶν, ἀπὸ γὰρ τῶν προφητειῶν, ἐν αἷς τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς ἱστορίας γέγραπται, οὐχ ὡς ἀπὸ τῆς ἱστορίας ἔστι προσαχθῆναι καὶ ταῖς ἱστορίαις ὡς σκοπῷ τροπολογίας γεγραμμέναις καὶ σοφώτατα οἰκονομηθείσαις, ἐστοχασμένως τοῦ τε πλήθους τῶν ἁπλούστερον πιστευόντων καὶ τῶν ὀλίγων μετὰ συνέσεως ἐξετάζειν τὰ πράγματα βουλομένων ἢ καὶ δυναμένων, καὶ εἰ μὲν οἱ σήμερον νομιζόμενοι κατὰ Κέλσον ἐπιεικεῖς ἀπὸ Ἰουδαίων καὶ Χριστιανῶν ἠλληγόρουν τὰ γεγραμμένα, τάχα ἂν πιθανόν τι λέγειν ὑπενοεῖτο ὁ Κέλσος· ἐπεὶ δ᾿ αὐτοὶ οἱ πατέρες τῶν δογμάτων καὶ συγγραφεῖς τὰ τοιαῦτα τροπολογοῦσι, τί ἐστιν ἄλλο ὑπονοῆσαι ἢ ὅτι οὕτως ἐγράφη, ὥστε τροπολογεῖσθαι αὐτὰ κατὰ τὸν προηγούμενον νοῦν; ὀλίγα δ᾿ ἀπὸ πάνυ πολλῶν παραθησόμεθα πρὸς τὸ δεῖξαι ὅτι μάτην συκοφαντεῖ τοὺς λόγους ὁ Κέλσος ὡς οὐχ οἵους τε ἐπιδέξασθαι ἀλληγορίαν, φησὶ δὴ ὁ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἀπόστολος Παῦλος· „ἐν τῷ νόμῳ γέγραπται· οὐ φιμώσεις βοῦν ἀλοῶντα, μὴ τῶν βοῶν μέλει τῷ θεῷ; ἢ δι᾿ ἡμᾶς πάντως λέγει; δι᾿ ἡμᾶς γὰρ ἐγράφη ὅτι ὀφείλει ἐπ᾿ ἐλπίδι ὁ ἀροτριῶν ἀροτριᾶν, καὶ ὁ ἀλοῶν ἐπ᾿ ἐλπίδι τοῦ μετέχειν,“ καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ φησιν ὁ αὐτός· „γέγραπται γὰρ ὅτι ἕνεκεν τούτου καταλείψει ἄνθρωπος τὸν πατέρα καὶ τὴν μητέρα καὶ προσκολληθήσεται πρὸς τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἔσονται οἱ δύο εἰς σάρκα μίαν, τὸ μυστήριον τοῦτο μέγα ἐστὶν, ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω εἰς Χριστὸν καὶ εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν“· καὶ πάλιν ἐν ἄλλῳ τόπῳ· „οἴδαμεν δ᾿ ὅτι οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν πάντες ὑπὸ τὴν νεφέλην ἦσαν, καὶ πάντες διὰ τῆς θαλάσσης διῆλθον, καὶ πάντες εἰς τὸν Μωϋσῆς ἐβαπτίσαντο ἐν τῇ νεφέλῃ καὶ ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ.“ εἶθ᾿ ἑρμηνεύων τὴν περὶ τοῦ μάννα ἱστορίαν καὶ τὴν περὶ τοῦ ὕδατος ἐκ πέτρας ἐξεληλυθέναι ἀναγεγραμμένου παραδόξως τοιαῦτα λέγει· „καὶ πάντες τὸ αὐτὸ βρῶμα πνευματικὸν ἔφαγον, καὶ πάντες τὸ αὐτὸ πνευματικὸν ἔπιον πόμα· ἔπινον γὰρ ἐκ πνευματικῆς ἀκολουθούσης πέτρας, ἡ δὲ πέτρα ἦν ὁ Χριστός,“ παριστὰς δὲ ὁ Ἀσὰφ ὅτι „προβλήματα“ καὶ „παραβολαί“ εἰσιν αἱ κατὰ τὴν Ἔξοδον ἱστορίαι καὶ τοὺς Ἀριθμοὺς, ὡς ἐν τῇ βίβλῳ τῶν Ψαλμῶν γέγραπται, μέλλων αὐτῶν ὑπομιμνήσκεσθαι τοῦτον προοιμιάζεται τὸν τρόπον· „προσέχετε λαός μου τῷ νόμῳ μου, κλίνατε τὸ οὖς ὑμῶν εἰς τὰ ῥήματα τοῦ στόματός μου, ἀνοίξω ἐν παραβολαῖς τὸ στόμα μου, φθέγξομαι προβλήματα ἀπ᾿ ἀρχῆς, ὅσα ἠκούσαμεν καὶ ἔγνωμεν αὐτὰ. καὶ οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν διηγήσαντο ἡμῖν.“

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About this text

Origen answers Celsus’s scorn for the belief that God or his Son comes down to the world, showing that the Word comes down without change and that God’s threats and punishments are a cure, not a fit of temper. He then defends the stories of Genesis and the patriarchs, read in their deeper sense, against the charge that they are silly tales, and rejects Celsus’s claim that the world was made no more for man than for the animals, which Celsus thought nearer to God than men.

Translated from the Greek of Koetschau, GCS 2–3 (1899), via the Perseus digital text, which serves as the base text. Each chapter was translated from the Greek and then checked clause by clause against it in a separate review. No earlier English translation was consulted.

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Translated from Koetschau GCS 2 – 3 (1899) — Greek (Greek · Book IV, chapters 1 – 99)

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