Against Celsus, Book IV · §76 · Origen of Alexandria

Why God made man needy

Next, Celsus, wishing to maintain that providence made what grows on the earth no more for us than for the most savage of the animals, says: “We, for our part, toiling and labouring hard, feed ourselves barely and with great effort, while for them ‘all things grow unsown and untilled’ (Homer, Odyssey 9.109).” He does not see that God, wishing to exercise human understanding on every side, so that it might not stay idle and never devise the arts, made man needy, so that by his very neediness he might be compelled to find out arts, some for food and others for shelter. For it was better for those who were not going to seek things divine and to pursue philosophy to be in want, so that they would use their understanding to find out arts, than to have plenty of everything and neglect their understanding.

At any rate, the lack of what life needs brought into being farming, vine-dressing and the arts of gardening, and also carpentry and smithing, which make tools for the arts that serve the getting of food. The lack of shelter brought in weaving, which comes after carding and spinning, and also building; and so understanding rose even to architecture. And want of necessities has caused the things produced in other places to be carried, by seafaring and the pilot’s art, to those who do not have them. So for these reasons too one might admire providence, which, for our good, made the rational being needier than the irrational animals. For the irrational animals have their food ready to hand, since they have not even a starting point for the arts; and they have a natural covering, for they are clad with hair or feathers or scales or shells.

Let this, then, be said by us in defence against the passage in Celsus that says: “We, for our part, toiling and labouring hard, barely feed ourselves, while for them ‘all things grow unsown and untilled.’”

Greek

Ἑξῆς τούτοις ὁ Κέλσος, θέλων μὴ μᾶλλον ἡμῖν τὴν πρόνοιαν πεποιηκέναι τὰ φυόμενα ἐπὶ γῆς ἢ τοῖς τῶν ζῴων ἀγριωτάτοις, φησίν· ἡμεῖς μέν γε κάμνοντες καὶ προσταλαιπωροῦντες μόλις καὶ ἐπιπόνως τρεφόμεθα· τοῖς δ᾿ „ἄσπαρτα καὶ ἀνήροτα πάντα φύονται,“ οὐχ ὁρῶν ὅτι πανταχοῦ τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην σύνεσιν γυμνάζεσθαι βουλόμενος ὁ θεὸς, ἵνα μὴ μένῃ ἀργὴ καὶ ἀνεπινόητος τῶν τεχνῶν, πεποίηκε τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐπιδεῆ· ἵνα δι᾿ αὐτὸ τὸ ἐπιδεὲς αὐτοῦ ἀναγκασθῇ εὑρεῖν τέχνας, τινὰς μὲν διὰ τὴν τροφὴν ἄλλας δὲ διὰ τὴν σκέπην. καὶ γὰρ κρεῖττον ἦν τοῖς μὴ μέλλουσι τὰ θεῖα ζητεῖν καὶ φιλοσοφεῖν τὸ ἀπορεῖν ὑπὲρ τοῦ τῇ συνέσει χρήσασθαι πρὸς εὕρεσιν τεχνῶν. ἤπερ ἐκ τοῦ εὐπορεῖν πάντῃ τῆς συνέσεως ἀμελεῖν. ἡ τῶν κατὰ τὸν βίον γοῦν χρειῶν ἀπορία συνέστησε τοῦτο μὲν γεωργικὴν τοῦτο δὲ ἀμπελουργικὴν τοῦτο δὲ τὰς περὶ τοὺς κήπους τέχνας τοῦτο δὲ τεκτονικὴν καὶ χαλκευτικὴν, ποιητικὰς ἐργαλείων ταῖς ὑπηρετουμέναις τέχναις τὰ πρὸς τροφήν· ἡ δὲ τῆς σκέπης ἀπορία τοῦτο μὲν ὑφαντικὴν τὴν μετὰ τὴν ξαντικὴν καὶ τὴν νηστικὴν εἰσήγαγε τοῦτο δὲ οἰκοδομικὴν. καὶ οὕτως ἀναβέβηκεν ἡ σύνεσις καὶ ἐπὶ ἀρχιτεκτονικήν. ἡ δὲ τῶν χρειῶν ἔνδεια πεποίηκε καὶ τὰ ἐν ἑτέροις τόποις γεννώμενα φέρεσθαι διὰ ναυτικῆς καὶ κυβερνητικῆς πρὸς τοὺς μὴ ἔχοντας ἐκεῖνα· ὥστε καὶ τούτων ἕνεκεν θαυμάσαι τις ἂν τὴν πρόνοιαν, συμφερόντως παρὰ τὰ ἄλογα ζῷα ἐνδεὲς ποιήσασαν τὸ λογικόν. τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἄλογα ἑτοίμην ἔχει τὴν τροφὴν. ἅτε οὐδ᾿ ἀφορμὴν πρὸς τέχνας ἔχοντα· καὶ φυσικὴν δ᾿ ἔχει τὴν σκέπην. τετρίχωται γὰρ ἢ ἐπτέρωται ἢ πεφολίδωται ἢ ὠστράκωται. καὶ ταῦτα δὲ πρὸς ἀπολογίαν ἡμῖν λελέχθω τῆς φασκούσης λέξεως παρὰ τῷ Κέλσῳ· ἡμεῖς μὲν κάμνοντες καὶ προσταλαιπωροῦντες μόλις τρεφόμεθα· τοῖς δ᾿ „ἄσπαρτα καὶ ἀνήροτα πάντα φύονται.“

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About this text

Origen answers Celsus’s scorn for the belief that God or his Son comes down to the world, showing that the Word comes down without change and that God’s threats and punishments are a cure, not a fit of temper. He then defends the stories of Genesis and the patriarchs, read in their deeper sense, against the charge that they are silly tales, and rejects Celsus’s claim that the world was made no more for man than for the animals, which Celsus thought nearer to God than men.

Translated from the Greek of Koetschau, GCS 2–3 (1899), via the Perseus digital text, which serves as the base text. Each chapter was translated from the Greek and then checked clause by clause against it in a separate review. No earlier English translation was consulted.

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Translated from Koetschau GCS 2 – 3 (1899) — Greek (Greek · Book IV, chapters 1 – 99)

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