Holy names lose their power in translation
But since Celsus thinks it makes no difference whether one calls the Most High Zeus, or Zen, or Adonaeus, or Sabaoth, or Amoun, as the Egyptians do, or Papaeus, as the Scythians do, let us say a little about these matters as well. At the same time we remind the reader of what was said earlier on a question of this kind, when the words of Celsus led us to such subjects.
Now, then, we say again that the nature of names is not a matter of rules laid down by those who give them, as Aristotle thinks (Aristotle, On Interpretation 16a). For the languages spoken among men do not have their origin from men. This is clear to those who are able to attend to the nature of incantations, which, according to the different languages and the different sounds of the names, belong to the fathers of those languages. We treated these things briefly above, where we said that words which by nature have power in a given language no longer accomplish anything when they are translated into another language, as they did in their own sounds.
This is found even in the case of men. Take someone who from his birth has been called by a certain name in the Greek language: if we translated his name into the language of the Egyptians, or of the Romans, or of any other people, we could not make him suffer or do what he would suffer or do if he were called by the name first given to him. Nor, if we translated into Greek the name of someone called from the beginning in the Roman tongue, would we accomplish what the incantation promises to accomplish while it keeps the name first given to him.
If these things said about human names are true, what must we think about the names that, for whatever cause, are referred to the divine? For example, the name Abraham is translated into something in Greek, the name Isaac signifies something, and the word Jacob makes something known. Now if the one who invokes or adjures names “the God of Abraham and the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob” (Exodus 3:6), he would accomplish this or that, either through the nature of these names or through their power, and demons are overcome and made subject to the one who says them. But if he says, “the God of the chosen father of sound, and the God of laughter, and the God of the supplanter,” what he names does nothing, just like anything else that has no power.
So too, if we translate the name Israel into Greek or into another language, we shall accomplish nothing; but if we keep it, and attach it to the words with which those skilled in these matters have thought fit to join it, then something might happen from that word, as invocations of this kind promise. We shall say the same about the word Sabaoth, which is used in many places in incantations: if we translate the name as “Lord of the powers,” or “Lord of hosts,” or “Almighty” (for those who translate it have rendered it in different ways), we shall accomplish nothing; but if we keep it in its own sounds, we shall accomplish something, as those skilled in these matters say. And we shall say the same about Adonai. If, then, neither Sabaoth nor Adonai accomplishes anything when translated into what they seem to mean in Greek speech, how much less would it do anything, or have any power, among those who think it makes no difference whether one calls the Most High Zeus, or Zen, or Adonaeus, or Sabaoth?
Greek
Ἀλλ᾿ ἐπεὶ Κέλσος οἴεται μηδὲν διαφέρειν Δία Ὕψιστον καλεῖν ἢ Ζῆνα ἢ Ἀδωναῖον ἢ Σαβαὼθ ἢ, ὡς Αἰγύπτιοι, Ἀμοῦν ἢ, ὡς Σκύθαι, Παπαῖον, φέρε καὶ περὶ τούτων ὀλίγα διαλεχθῶμεν, ὑπομιμνήσκοντες ἅμα τὸν ἐντυγχάνοντα καὶ τῶν ἀνωτέρω εἰς τὸ τοιοῦτον πρόβλημα εἰρημένων, ὅτ᾿ ἐκάλεσεν ἡμᾶς ἡ Κέλσου λέξις ἐπὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα. καὶ νῦν οὖν φαμεν ὅτι ἡ τῶν ὀνομάτων φύσις οὐ θεμένων εἰσὶ νόμοι, ὡς Ἀριστοτέλης οἴεται. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀπὸ ἀνθρώπων τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔχουσιν αἱ ἐν ἀνθρώποις διάλεκτοι, ὡς δῆλον τοῖς ἐφιστάνειν δυναμένοις φύσει ἐπῳδῶν, οἰκειουμένων κατὰ τὰς διαφόρους διαλέκτους καὶ τοὺς διαφόρους φθόγγους τῶν ὀνομάτων τοῖς πατράσι τῶν διαλέκτων· περὶ ὧν ἐν τοῖς ἀνωτέρω ἐπ᾿ ὀλίγον διειλήφαμεν, λέγοντες ὅτι καὶ μεταλαμβανόμενα εἰς ἄλλην διάλεκτον τὰ πεφυκότα δύνασθαι ἐν τῇ δεῖνα διαλέκτῳ οὐκέτι ἀνύει τι, ὡς ἤνυσεν ἐν ταῖς οἰκείαις φωναῖς. ἤδη δὲ καὶ ἐπ᾿ ἀνθρώπων τὸ τοιοῦτον εὑρίσκεται· τὸν γὰρ ἀπὸ γενέσεως Ἑλλάδι διαλέκτῳ καλούμενον τὸν δεῖνα οὐκ ἂν μεταλαβόντες εἰς διάλεκτον Αἰγυπτίων ἢ Ῥωμαίων ἤ τινος ἄλλου ποιήσαιμεν παθεῖν ἢ δρᾶσαι, ἅπερ πάθοι ἢ δράσαι ἂν καλούμενος τῇ πρώτῃ θέσει τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ. ἀλλ᾿ οὐδὲ τὸν ἐξ ἀρχῆς Ῥωμαίων κληθέντα φωνῇ εἰ μεταλάβοιμεν ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα διάλεκτον, ποιήσαιμεν ἂν, ὅπερ ποιεῖν ἐπαγγέλλεται ἡ ἐπῳδὴ, τηροῦσα τὸ κατονομασθὲν αὐτῷ πρῶτον ὄνομα. εἰ δὲ ταῦτα περὶ ἀνθρωπίνων ὀνομάτων λεγόμενά ἐστιν ἀληθῆ, τί χρὴ νομίζειν ἐπὶ τῶν δι᾿ ἡνδήποτε αἰτίαν ἀναφερομένων ἐπὶ τὸ θεῖον ὀνομάτων; μεταλαμβάνεται γάρ (τι) φέρ᾿ εἰπεῖν εἰς Ἑλλάδα φωνὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ ὀνόματος καὶ σημαίνεταί τι ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰσαὰκ προσηγορίας καὶ δηλοῦταί τι ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰακὼβ φωνῆς. καὶ ἐὰν μὲν ὁ καλῶν ἢ ὁ ὁρκῶν ὀνομάζῃ θεὸν Ἀβραὰμ καὶ θεὸν Ἰσαὰκ καὶ θεὸν Ἰακὼβ, τόδε τι ποιήσαι ἂν ἤτοι διὰ τὴν τούτων (τῶν ὀνομάτων) φύσιν ἢ καὶ δύναμιν αὐτῶν, καὶ δαιμόνων νικωμένων καὶ ὑποταττομένων τῷ λέγοντι ταῦτα· ἐὰν δὲ λέγῃ· ὁ θεὸς πατρὸς ἐκλεκτοῦ τῆς ἠχοῦς καὶ ὁ θεὸς τοῦ γέλωτος καὶ ὁ θεὸς τοῦ πτερνιστοῦ, οὕτως οὐδὲν ποιεῖ τὸ ὀνομαζόμενον ὡς οὐδ᾿ ἄλλο τι τῶν μηδεμίαν δύναμιν ἐχόντων. οὕτω δὲ κἂν μὲν μεταλάβωμεν τὸ Ἰσραὴλ ὄνομα εἰς Ἑλλάδα ἢ ἄλλην διάλεκτον, οὐδὲν ποιήσομεν· ἐὰν δὲ τηρήσωμεν αὐτὸ, προσάπτοντες οἷς οἱ περὶ ταῦτα δεινοὶ συμπλέκειν αὐτὸ ᾠήθησαν, τότε γένοιτ᾿ ἄν τι κατὰ τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν τῶν τοιωνδὶ ἐπικλήσεων ἐκ τῆς τοιασδὶ φωνῆς. τὸ δ᾿ ὅμοιον ἐροῦμεν καὶ περὶ τῆς Σαβαὼθ φωνῆς, πολλαχοῦ τῶν ἐπῳδῶν παραλαμβανομένης, ὅτι μεταλαμβάνοντες μὲν τὸ ὄνομα εἰς τὸ „κύριος τῶν δυνάμεων“ ἢ „κύριος στρατιῶν“ ἢ „παντοκράτωρ“ (διαφόρως γὰρ αὐτὸ ἐξεδέξαντο οἱ ἑρμηνεύοντες αὐτὸ), οὐδὲν ποιήσομεν· τηροῦντες δ᾿ αὐτὸ ἐν τοῖς ἰδίοις φθόγγοις, ποιήσομέν τι, ὥς φασιν οἱ περὶ ταῦτα δεινοί. τὸ δ᾿ ὅμοιον ἐροῦμεν καὶ περὶ τοῦ Ἀδωναΐ. εἴπερ οὖν οὔτε τὸ Σαβαὼθ οὔτε τὸ Ἀδωναῒ, μεταλαμβανόμενα εἰς ἃ δοκεῖ σημαίνειν ἐν Ἑλλάδι φωνῇ, ἀνύει τι, πόσῳ πλέον οὐδὲν ἂν ποιήσαι οὐδὲ δυνηθείη παρὰ τοῖς μηδὲν διαφέρειν οἰομένοις Δία Ὕψιστον καλεῖν ἢ Ζῆνα ἢ Ἀδωναῖον ἢ Σαβαώθ;