A divine whole does not make its parts divine
Celsus also assumes, on his own account, that the Jews regard heaven as a god, and he adds to this something he presents as absurd. He accuses those who worship heaven but not also the sun, the moon and the stars, saying that the Jews do this “as if it were possible for the whole to be a god while its parts are not divine.” By the whole he seems to mean heaven, and by its parts the sun, the moon and the stars.
Now neither Jews nor Christians plainly say that heaven is a god. But let it be granted, on his terms, that the Jews say heaven is a god, and let the sun, the moon and the stars also be parts of heaven (which is not necessarily true, for the animals and plants on earth are not parts of the earth either). On what ground is it true, even by the Greeks’ own account, that if some whole is a god, its parts are thereby divine as well? The Greeks plainly say that the whole world is a god: the Stoics say it is the first god, the followers of Plato the second, and some of them the third. Do such men hold, then, that since the world as a whole is a god, its parts too are thereby divine, so that not only human beings but also all the irrational animals are divine, being parts of the world, and the plants as well? And if the mountains, the rivers and the seas are parts of the world, are the rivers and the seas therefore gods because the whole world is a god? But the Greeks will not say this either. Rather, it is the demons (or gods, as they name them) that preside over rivers and seas, if there are any, that they would call gods.
And so Celsus’s general rule proves false even by the account of those Greeks who bring in providence: the rule that if some whole is a god, its parts are necessarily divine. It follows from Celsus’s argument that if the world is a god, everything in it is divine, being a part of the world. On that reasoning, flies, gnats, worms and every kind of snake, and of birds and fishes too, will be divine living beings; and not even those who say that the world is a god will say that. But the Jews who live by the law of Moses, even if they do not know at all how to understand the meaning of the law, which is expressed in a hidden way and points to something secret, will say neither that heaven is a god nor that the angels are.
Greek
Ἀλλὰ καὶ ἑαυτῷ λαβὼν, ὡς ἄρα θεὸν νομίζουσι τὸν οὐρανὸν Ἰουδαῖοι, τούτῳ ὡς ἄτοπον ἐπιφέρει, ἐγκαλῶν τοῖς προσκυνοῦσι μὲν τὸν οὐρανὸν οὐχὶ δὲ καὶ τὸν ἥλιον καὶ τὴν σελήνην καὶ τοὺς ἀστέρας, ὅτι τοῦτο ποιοῦ σιν Ἰουδαῖοι ὡς ἐνδεχόμενον τὸ μὲν ὅλον εἶναι (θεὸν) , τὰ μέρη δ᾿ αὐτοῦ μὴ θεῖα· καὶ ὅλον μὲν ἔοικε λέγειν τὸν οὐρανὸν μέρη δ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἥλιον καὶ σελήνην καὶ ἀστέρας. οὐ λέγουσι μὲν οὖν σαφῶς οὔτε Ἰουδαῖοι οὔτε Χριστιανοὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν θεόν. ἀλλὰ δεδόσθω κατ᾿ αὐτὸν λέγεσθαι ὑπὸ Ἰουδαίων θεὸν εἶναι τὸν οὐρανὸν, ἔστω δὲ καὶ μέρη τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἥλιος καὶ σελήνη καὶ ἀστέρες (ὅπερ οὐ πάντως ἐστὶν ἀληθὲς. οὐδὲ γὰρ τὰ ἐπὶ γῆς ζῷα καὶ φυτὰ μέρη γῆς)· πόθεν δὴ καὶ καθ᾿ Ἕλληνας ἀληθὲς ὅτι, ἐὰν ὅλον τι θεὸς ᾖ, ἤδη καὶ τὰ μέρη αὐτοῦ ἐστι θεῖα; σαφῶς δὴ τὸν ὅλον κόσμον λέγουσιν εἶναι θεὸν, Στωϊκοὶ μὲν τὸν πρῶτον οἱ δ᾿ ἀπὸ Πλάτωνος τὸν δεύτερον τινὲς δ᾿ αὐτῶν τὸν τρίτον. ἆρ᾿ οὖν κατὰ τοὺς τοιούτους. ἐπεὶ τὸ ὅλον ὁ κόσμος θεός ἐστιν, ἤδη καὶ τὰ μέρη αὐτοῦ θεῖα· ὡς εἶναι θεῖα οὐ μόνον ἀνθρώπους ἀλλὰ καὶ πάντα τὰ ἄλογα ζῷα. μέρη ὄντα τοῦ κόσμου, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις καὶ τὰ φυτά; εἰ δὲ μέρη τοῦ κόσμου καὶ τὰ ὄρη καὶ οἱ ποταμοὶ καὶ αἱ θάλασσαι, ἆρ᾿ ἐπεὶ ὅλος ὁ κόσμος θεός ἐστιν, ἤδη καὶ οἱ ποταμοὶ καὶ αἱ θάλασσαι θεοί εἰσιν; ἀλλ᾿ οὐδὲ τοῦτο φήσουσιν Ἕλληνες· τοὺς δ᾿ ἐπιστατοῦντας εἰ ἄρα δαίμονας (ἢ θεοὺς, ὡς ἐκεῖνοι ὀνομάζουσι) ποταμοῖς καὶ θαλάσσαις, τούτους ἂν λέγοιεν θεούς· καὶ τὸ καθολικὸν Κέλσου γίνεται καὶ καθ᾿ Ἕλληνας, τοὺς τὴν πρόνοιαν εἰσάγοντας. ψεῦδος, ὅτι ἐάν τι ὅλον ᾖ θεὸς. πάντως τὰ μέρη τούτου ἐστὶ θεῖα. ἀκολουθεῖ δὲ τῷ Κέλσου λόγῳ. ἐὰν θεὸς ᾖ ὁ κόσμος, πάντα τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ εἶναι θεῖα, μέρη ὄντα τοῦ κόσμου. καὶ κατὰ τοῦτο θεῖα ἔσται ζῷα μυῖαι καὶ σκνίφες καὶ σκώληκες καὶ πᾶν τὸ τῶν ὄφεων εἶδος ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ τῶν ὀρνέων καὶ τὸ τῶν ἰχθύων· ἅπερ οὐδ᾿ οἱ λέγοντες θεὸν εἶναι τὸν κόσμον φήσουσιν. οἱ (δὲ) κατὰ τὸν τοῦ Μωϋσέως νόμον βιοῦντες Ἰουδαῖοι, κἂν μηδὲν εἰδῶσιν ἐκδέχεσθαι κεκρυμμένως εἰρημένον τοῦ νόμου βούλημα καὶ ἀπόῤῥητόν τι ἐμφαῖνον, οὔτε τὸν οὐρανὸν φήσουσιν εἶναι θεὸν οὔτε τοὺς ἀγγέλους.