Scythian names for the gods and magic charms
Then, against those who, as he says, use some magic and sorcery and invoke barbarous names of certain demons, he says something like this: that these people act like those who stage wonders with the same underlying realities before people who do not know that the names of those realities are one thing among the Greeks and another among the Scythians. Then he sets out, taking it from Herodotus, that the Scythians call Apollo Gongosyrus, Poseidon Thagimasadas, Aphrodite Argimpasa, and Hestia Tabiti (Herodotus, Histories 4.59).
Anyone who is able will examine whether Celsus, together with Herodotus, is perhaps lying about these things too, since the Scythians do not recognise the same underlying realities as the Greeks with regard to their supposed gods. For how could it be likely that Apollo is called Gongosyrus among the Scythians? I do not think that Gongosyrus, translated into the Greek tongue, yields the etymology of Apollo, or that Apollo, put into the Scythian language, means Gongosyrus. In the same way, no one will say the same about the rest either. For the Greeks, starting from certain things and etymologies, gave the names they did to those whom they regard as gods, and the Scythians started from others; so too the Persians started from others, and the Indians, the Ethiopians or the Libyans from others again, or named them in whatever way each people liked, since they did not hold fast to the first and pure conception of the Maker of the universe.
We have said enough about this in what came before as well, when we wished to show that Sabaoth and Zeus are not the same, and when we also set out something about languages from the divine writings. So we deliberately pass over these matters, in which Celsus calls us to repeat ourselves.
Then once more he mixes together things drawn from magical sorcery, and attaches them perhaps to no one, since there are none who practise sorcery under the cover of this kind of religion, or perhaps to some who use such things on the easily deceived, so that they may seem to do something by divine power. He sets out certain things, saying: “Why should I list all who have taught purifications, or songs of release, or cries to drive evil away, or clangings, or demonic figures, or every sort of charm against harm, made from clothing, numbers, stones, plants, roots, and in short things of every kind?” Reason does not require us to make a defence on these matters, since we are not in the least open to such suspicions.
Greek
Εἶτα πρὸς τοὺς χρωμένους, ὥς φησι, μαγείᾳ τινὶ καὶ γοητείᾳ καὶ καλοῦντας ὀνόματα βαρβαρικὰ δαιμόνων τινῶν τοιαῦτα, ὅτι ὅμοιον οὗτοι πράττουσι τοῖς ἐπὶ τοῖς αὐτοῖς ὑποκειμένοις τερατευομένοις πρὸς τοὺς μὴ εἰδότας ἄλλα μὲν αὐτῶν εἶναι τὰ ὀνόματα παρ᾿ Ἕλλησιν ἄλλα δὲ παρὰ Σκύθαις. εἶτ᾿ ἐκτίθεται ἀπὸ Ἡροδότου λαβὼν ὡς τὸν μὲν Ἀπόλλωνα Γογγόσυρον καλοῦσι Σκύθαι, τὸν δὲ Ποσειδῶνα Θαγιμάσαδα, τὴν δ᾿ Ἀφροδίτην Ἀργίμπασαν, Ἑστίαν δὲ Ταβιτί. ἐξετάσει δὲ ὁ δυνάμενος, μή πῃ καὶ περὶ τούτων σὺν Ἡροδότῳ ὁ Κέλσος ψεύδεται, ἅτε μὴ ἐπισταμένων Σκυθῶν τὰ αὐτὰ Ἕλλησιν ὑποκείμενα περὶ τῶν νομιζομένων θεῶν. ποία γὰρ πιθανότης τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα Γογγόσυρον παρὰ Σκύθαις καλεῖσθαι; οὐ γὰρ ἡγοῦμαι ὅτι μεταλαμβανόμενος εἰς Ἑλλάδα φωνὴν ὁ Γογγόσυρος τὴν ἐτυμολογίαν παρίστησι τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος, ἢ ὁ Ἀπόλλων εἰς τὴν Σκυθῶν διάλεκτον τὸν Γογγόσυρον σημαίνει. οὕτω δὲ οὐδὲ περὶ τῶν λοιπῶν ταὐτόν τι ἐρεῖ· ἄλλων γὰρ ὁρμώμενοι Ἕλληνες πραγμάτων καὶ ἐτυμολογιῶν οὕτως ὠνόμασαν τοὺς παρ᾿ ἑαυτοῖς νομιζομένους θεοὺς, ἀπ᾿ ἄλλων δὲ Σκύθαι, οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἀπ᾿ ἄλλων μὲν Πέρσαι ἀπ᾿ ἄλλων δὲ Ἰνδοὶ ἢ Αἰθίοπες ἢ Λίβυες, ἢ ὅπως φίλον ἑκάστοις ὀνομάζειν, μὴ μείνασιν ἐπὶ τῆς πρώτης καὶ καθαρᾶς ἐννοίας τοῦ τῶν ὅλων δημιουργοῦ. αὐτάρκως δ᾿ ἡμῖν εἴρηται καὶ ἐν τοῖς πρὸ τούτων, βουλομένοις παραστῆσαι μὴ ταὐτὸν εἶναι Σαβαὼθ ἢ Δία, ὅτε καὶ περὶ τῶν διαλέκτων τι ἀπὸ τῶν θείων παρετιθέμεθα γραμμάτων. ἑκόντες οὖν ὑπερβαίνομεν ταῦτα, ἐν οἷς ἐπὶ ταυτολογίαν ἡμᾶς ὁ Κέλσος καλεῖ. εἶτα πάλιν φύρων τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς μαγικῆς γοητείας καὶ προσάπτων τάχα μὲν οὐδενὶ τῷ μὴ εἶναι τοὺς μαγγανεύοντας προφάσει τῆς κατὰ τὸν χαρακτῆρα τοῦτον θεοσεβείας, τάχα δέ τισι καὶ πρὸς τοὺς εὐεξαπατήτους χρωμένοις τοιούτοις, ἵνα δοκοῖεν θείᾳ δυνάμει τι ποιεῖν, ἐκτίθεταί τινα λέγων· τί με δεῖ καταριθμεῖν ὅσοι καθαρμοὺς ἐδίδαξαν ἢ λυτηρίους ᾠδὰς ἢ ἀποπομπίμους φωνας ἢ κτύπους ἢ δαιμονίους σχηματισμοὺς, ἐσθήτων ἢ ἀριθμῶν ἢ λίθων ἢ φυτῶν ἢ ῥιζῶν καὶ ὅλως παντοδαπῶν χρημάτων παντοῖα ἀλεξιφάρμακα; περὶ ὧν οὐκ ἀπαιτεῖ ἡμᾶς ἀπολογήσασθαι τὸ εὔλογον, ἅτε οὐδὲ κατὰ ποσὸν ἐνεχομένους τοιαύταις ὑπονοίαις.