Why some are not persuaded by God
As for the question: “How is He unable to persuade and admonish?” It has been said already that, if this is really a charge, Celsus’s words could be brought against everyone who accepts providence. But one might answer in defence that God is not unable to admonish. For He admonishes those who listen, through the whole of Scripture and through those who teach by the grace of God; unless, perhaps, one were to give “admonish” some special meaning of its own, so that it also includes succeeding with the person admonished and his hearing the teacher’s word. But that departs from the sense the word commonly bears in ordinary use.
To the question: “How is He unable to persuade?”, which could likewise be brought against all who accept providence, this must be said. Being persuaded belongs, as it were, to the so-called reciprocal terms, like a man’s having his hair cut, where he acts by offering himself to the one cutting it. For this reason it needs not only the activity of the one who persuades, but also, if I may call it so, the yielding of oneself to the persuader, or the acceptance of what the persuader says. Therefore we must say that those who are not persuaded are not persuaded, not because God is unable to persuade, but because they do not accept God’s persuasive words.
One would not be wrong to say this of men too, those who are called “craftsmen of persuasion” (Plato, Gorgias 453a). For it is possible that even a man who has mastered the principles of rhetoric to the highest degree and uses them as he should may do everything to persuade, and yet, because he fails to win the will of the one who ought to be persuaded, may seem not to persuade.
And that, even if the speaking of persuasive words comes from God, being persuaded at any rate does not come from God, Paul teaches clearly when he says: “This persuasion does not come from Him who calls you” (Galatians 5:8). Of the same kind too is the saying: “If you are willing and listen to Me, you shall eat the good things of the land; but if you are not willing and do not listen to Me, the sword shall devour you” (Isaiah 1:19–20). For if someone is to will what the one who admonishes says, and, having listened to it, is to become worthy of God’s promises, there must be the hearer’s choice and his assent to what is said. That is why it seems to me that this was said with emphasis in Deuteronomy: “And now, Israel, what does the Lord your God ask of you, but to fear the Lord your God, and to walk in all His ways, and to love Him, and to keep His commandments?” (Deuteronomy 10:12–13).
Greek
Εἰς δὲ τὸ πῶς πείθειν καὶ νουθετεῖν ἀδυνατεῖ; προείρηται μὲν ὅτι πᾶσιν ἂν, εἴπερ ἔγκλημά ἐστι τὸ τοιοῦτον, προσάγοιτο ἡ τοῦ Κέλσου λέξις τοῖς ἀποδεχομένοις πρόνοιαν· ἀπολογήσαιτο δ᾿ ἄν τις ὅτι νουθετεῖν μὲν οὐκ ἀδυνατεῖ ὁ θεὸς. νουθετεῖ γὰρ διὰ πάσης γραφῆς καὶ διὰ τῶν χάριτι διδασκόντων θεοῦ τοὺς ἀκούοντας· εἰ μὴ ἄρα ἴδιόν τι σημαινόμενον ἐξακούοιτο εἰς τὸ νουθετεῖν τὸ καὶ ἐπιτυγχάνειν ἐν τῷ νουθετουμένῳ καὶ ἀκούειν τὸν τοῦ διδάσκοντος λόγον, ὅπερ ἐστὶ παρὰ τὴν ἔννοιαν τοῦ τετριμμένου ἐν τῇ συνηθείᾳ σημαινομένου. εἰς δὲ τὸ πῶς πείθειν ἀδυνατεῖ; καὶ αὐτὸ προσαχθὲν ἂν πᾶσι τοῖς πρόνοιαν παραδεχομένοις, ταῦτα λεκτέον. ἐπειδὴ τὸ πείθεσθαι ὡσπερεὶ τῶν καλουμένων ἀντιπεπονθότων ἐστὶν, ἀνάλογον τῷ κείρεσθαι ἄνθρωπον. ἐνεργοῦντα τὸ παρέχειν ἑαυτὸν τῷ κείροντι· διὰ τοῦτο οὐ μόνης δεῖται τῆς τοῦ πείθοντος ἐνεργείας ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς, ἵν᾿ οὕτως ὀνομάσω, ὑποπτώσεως πρὸς τὸν πείθοντα ἢ παραδοχῆς τῶν λεγομένων ὑπὸ τοῦ πείθοντος. διὰ τοῦτο οὐ παρὰ τὸ μὴ δύνασθαι τὸν θεὸν πείθειν λεκτέον τοὺς μὴ πειθομένους μὴ πείθεσθαι, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τὸ ἐκείνους μὴ δέχεσθαι τοὺς πειστικοὺς λόγους τοῦ θεοῦ. τοῦτο δὲ καὶ ἐπ᾿ ἀνθρώπων λέγων τις, ὀνομαζομένων πειθοῦς δημιουργῶν, οὐκ ἂν ἁμάρτοι· δυνατὸν γὰρ καὶ τὸν ἄκρως κατειληφότα τὰ τῆς ῥητορικῆς θεωρήματα καὶ δεόντως αὐτοῖς χρώμενον πάντα μὲν ποιεῖν πρὸς τὸ πείθειν, μὴ τυγχάνοντα δὲ τῆς προαιρέσεως τοῦ ὀφείλοντος πείθεσθαι δοκεῖν μὴ πείθειν. ὅτι δὲ, κἂν τὸ πειστικοὺς λέγεσθαι λόγους ἀπὸ θεοῦ ἔρχηται, τό γε πείθεσθαι οὐκ ἔστιν ἀπὸ θεοῦ, σαφῶς ὁ Παῦλος διδάσκει λέγων· „ἡ πεισμονὴ οὐκ ἐκ τοῦ καλοῦντος ὑμᾶς.“ τοιοῦτόν ἐστι καὶ τὸ „ἐὰν θέλητε καὶ εἰσακούσητέ μου, τὰ ἀγαθὰ τῆς γῆς φάγεσθε· ἐὰν δὲ μὴ θέλητε μηδὲ εἰσακούσητέ μου, μάχαιρα ὑμᾶς κατέδεται.“ ἵνα γάρ τις θέλῃ ἅπερ λέγει ὁ νουθετῶν καὶ εἰσακούσας αὐτῶν ἄξιος γένηται τῶν τοῦ θεοῦ ἐπαγγελιῶν, τῆς προαιρέσεως τοῦ ἀκούοντος δεῖ καὶ τῆς πρὸς τὰ λεγόμενα ἐπινεύσεως. διόπερ ἐν Δευτερονομίῳ ἐμφαντικῶς εἰρῆσθαί μοι δοκεῖ τό· „καὶ νῦν Ἰσραὴλ, τί κύριος ὁ θεός σου αἰτεῖ παρὰ σοῦ ἀλλ᾿ ἢ φοβεῖσθαι κύριον τὸν θεόν σου (καὶ) πορεύεσθαι ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ὁδοῖς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀγαπᾶν αὐτὸν καὶ“ „φυλάσσειν τὰς ἐντολὰς αὐτοῦ;“