Words put in Christian mouths
After this, which we have answered as well as we could, Celsus again says something like this: “And again they will say: ‘How will they know God if they do not grasp him by sense? What can be learned without sense?’” Then, in answer to this, he says: “This is the voice not of a man, nor of the soul, but of the flesh. Still, let them hear, if they can understand anything at all, cowardly and body-loving race that they are. If you close off sense and look up with the mind, and turn from the flesh and rouse the eyes of the soul, only so will you see God. And if you seek a guide for this way, you must flee the deceivers and sorcerers and those who woo men to idols, so that you may not be utterly ridiculous, blaspheming as idols the other gods, the ones that are displayed, while you worship one more wretched even than the real idols, no longer even an idol but in truth a dead man, and seek a father like him.”
First we must say, in reply to the speech he composes in our name, putting into our mouths words as though we spoke them in defence of the resurrection of the flesh, that the merit of one who writes a speech in another’s character is to keep the purpose and the character of the person represented, and the fault is to put into the speaker’s mouth words that do not fit him. Equally to blame are those who, in such speeches, put philosophy into the mouths of barbarians and uneducated people, or of household slaves, who have never heard philosophical discourse nor ever spoken it well: philosophy which the writer has learned, but which the character represented could not be expected to know. Equally to blame, again, are those who put into the mouths of characters presented in the story as wise and as knowing divine things the kind of words that uneducated people say from common passions and utter out of ignorance.
That is why Homer is admired in many places, for keeping the characters of his heroes as he set them up from the beginning, such as that of Nestor, or Odysseus, or Diomedes, or Agamemnon, or Telemachus, or Penelope, or any of the rest; while Euripides is mocked in comedy by Aristophanes as one who speaks out of season, because he often put speeches about doctrines he had learned from Anaxagoras or from one of the other wise men into the mouths of barbarian women or of slaves.
Greek
Μετὰ ταῦτα, πρὸς ἃ κατὰ τὸ δυνατὸν εἰρήκαμεν, τοιαῦτα πάλιν ὁ Κέλσος φησίν· οἱ δὲ καὶ πάλιν εἰρήσονται· πῶς αἰσθήσει μὴ καταλαμβανόμενοι γνώσονται τὸν θεόν; τί χωρὶς αἰσθήσεως μαθεῖν ἐστι δυνατόν; εἶτα πρὸς ταῦτα ἀποκρινόμενός φησιν· οὐκ ἀνθρώπου μὲν οὐδὲ τῆς ψυχῆς ἀλλὰ σαρκὸς ἡ φωνή. ὅμως δ᾿ οὖν ἀκουσάτωσαν, εἴ τι καὶ ἐπαΐειν δύνανται ὡς δειλὸν καὶ φιλοσώματον γένος· ἐὰν αἰσθήσει μύσαντες ἀναβλέψητε νῷ καὶ σαρκὸς ἀποστραφέντες ψυχῆς ὀφθαλμοὺς ἐγείρητε, μόνως οὕτως τὸν θεὸν ὄψεσθε. κἂν ἡγεμόνα (τῆς ὁδοῦ) ταύτης ζητῆτε, φευκτέοι μὲν ὑμῖν οἱ πλάνοι καὶ γόητες καὶ τὰ εἴδωλα προμνώμενοι· ἵνα μὴ παντάπασιν ἦτε καταγέλαστοι, τοὺς μὲν ἄλλους. τοὺς δεικνυμένους θεοὺς. ὡς εἴδωλα βλασφημοῦντες, τὸν δὲ καὶ αὐτῶν ὡς ἀληθῶς εἰδώλων ἀθλιώτερον καὶ μηδὲ εἴδωλον ἔτι ἀλλ᾿ (ὄντ) ως νεκρὸν σέβοντες καὶ πατέρα ὅμοιον αὐτῷ ζητοῦντες. καὶ πρῶτόν γε λεκτέον πρὸς τὴν προσωποποιΐαν αὐτοῦ. περιτιθέντος ἡμῖν λόγους ὡς ὑφ᾿ ἡμῶν λεγομένους εἰς τὴν περὶ ἀναστάσεως σαρκὸς ἀπολογίαν, ὅτι ἀρετὴ μὲν προσωποποιοῦντός ἐστι τηρῆσαι τὸ βούλημα καὶ τὸ ἦθος τοῦ προσωποποιουμένου, κακία δὲ, ὅτε τὰ μὴ ἁρμόζοντά τις περιτίθησι ῥήματα τῷ προσώπῳ τοῦ λέγοντος. καὶ ἐπ᾿ ἴσης γε ψεκτοὶ οἱ ἐν προσωποποιΐᾳ βαρβάροις καὶ ἀπαιδεύτοις ἢ οἰκότριψι καὶ μηδέ ποτε φιλοσόφων λόγων ἀκηκοόσι μηδὲ εὖ εἰρηκόσιν αὐτοὺς περιτιθέντες φιλοσοφίαν, ἣν ἔμαθε μὲν ὁ προσωποποιῶν, οὐκ εἰκὸς δὲ ἦν εἰδέναι τὸν προσωποποιούμενον, καὶ πάλιν αὖ οἱ τοῖς καθ᾿ ὑπόθεσιν ὑποκειμένοις σοφοῖς καὶ τὰ θεῖα ἐγνωκόσι περιτιθέντες τὰ ἀπὸ ἰδιωτικῶν παθῶν ὑπὸ ἀπαιδεύτων λεγόμενα καὶ ἀπὸ ἀγνοίας ἀπαγγελλόμενα. ὅθεν Ὅμηρος μὲν ἐν πολλοῖς θαυμάζεται, τηρήσας τὰ τῶν ἡρώων πρόσωπα, ὁποῖα αὐτὰ ὑπέθετο ἀπ᾿ ἀρχῆς, οἷον τὸ Νέστορος ἢ τὸ Ὀδυσσέως ἢ τὸ Διομήδους ἢ τὸ Ἀγαμέμνονος ἢ Τηλεμάχου ἢ Πηνελόπης ἤ τινος τῶν λοιπῶν· Εὐριπίδης δὲ ὑπὸ Ἀριστοφάνους κωμῳδεῖται ὡς ἀκαιροῤῥήμων διὰ τὸ πολλάκις περιτεθεικέναι λόγους δογμάτων, ὧν ἀπὸ Ἀναξαγόρου ἤ τινος ἔμαθε τῶν σοφῶν, βαρβάροις γυναιξὶν ἢ οἰκέταις.