Why Christians abstain from certain foods
For what is offered to idols is sacrificed to demons (1 Corinthians 10:20), and the man of God must not become a partaker in “the table of demons” (1 Corinthians 10:21). As for things strangled, from which the blood has not been drained (and blood, they say, is the food of demons, who feed on the vapours that rise from it), the word forbids them, so that we may not be fed with the food of demons; for perhaps some such spirits would be fed along with us if we ate things strangled. And from what has been said about “things strangled,” the reason for abstaining from “blood” can be made clear.
Now that I have come to these matters, it is not out of place for me to recall a most elegant saying, recorded in the Sentences of Sextus, which most Christians also read. It runs as follows: “The use of living creatures is a matter of indifference, but abstaining from them is more in keeping with reason” (Sentences of Sextus 109). So we do not abstain merely by some ancestral custom from what are held to be sacrificial victims and are offered to the so-called gods or heroes or demons, but for several reasons, some of which I have set out in part.
Nor is it the case that, just as one must abstain from all wickedness and from what comes of wickedness, so one must abstain from eating any animal at all. Rather, one must abstain not only from eating animals but from anything whatever, if our use of food should spring from wickedness and from what comes of wickedness. For one must abstain from eating out of gluttony, or because one is led by pleasure, without the aim of the body’s health and its care.
Since we in no way say that there is a transmigration of the soul and a fall of it as far down as the irrational animals, it is clear that, if we sometimes abstain from animals, it is not in the manner of Pythagoras that we refrain from using their flesh. For we know how to honour only the rational soul, and to commit its instruments with honour to burial according to custom. For it is right that the dwelling place of the rational soul should not be cast aside without honour, carelessly, like that of the irrational creatures; and above all because Christians have believed that honour reaches even to the body in which a rational soul has dwelt, since it received a soul that contended well through such an instrument. As for “How are the dead raised, and with what kind of body do they come?” (1 Corinthians 15:35), we have shown this above in a few words, as this treatise required.
Greek
Τὸ μὲν γὰρ εἰδωλόθυτον θύεται δαιμονίοις, καὶ οὐ χρὴ τὸν τοῦ θεοῦ ἄνθρωπον κοινωνὸν „τραπέζης δαιμονίων“ γίνεσθαι· τὰ δὲ πνικτὰ τοῦ αἵματος μὴ ἐκκριθέντος, ὅπερ φασὶν εἶναι τροφὴν δαιμόνων. τρεφομένων ταῖς ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἀναθυμιάσεσιν. ἀπαγορεύει ὁ λόγος, ἵνα μὴ τραφῶμεν τροφῇ δαιμόνων. τάχα τινῶν τοιούτων πνευμάτων συντραφησομένων ἡμῖν, ἐὰν μεταλαμβάνωμεν τῶν πνικτῶν. ἐκ δὲ τῶν εἰρημένων περὶ τῶν „πνικτῶν“ σαφὲς εἶναι δύναται τὸ περὶ τῆς ἀποχῆς τοῦ „αἵματος.“ καὶ οὐκ ἀπίθανόν γε γενόμενόν με κατὰ τοὺς τόπους ὑπομνησθῆναι χαριεστάτης γνώμης, ᾗ καὶ οἱ πολλοὶ τῶν Χριστιανῶν ἀναγεγραμμένῃ ἐν ταῖς Σέξτου γνώμαις ἐντυγχάνουσιν, οὕτως ἐχούσῃ· „ἐμψύχων χρῆσις μὲν ἀδιάφορον, ἀποχὴ δὲ λογικώτερον.“ οὐχ ἁπλῶς οὖν κατά τι πάτριον τῶν νομιζομένων ἱερείων εἶναι καὶ θυομένων παρὰ τοῖς λεγομένοις θεοῖς ἢ ἥρωσιν ἢ δαίμοσιν ἀπεχόμεθα ἀλλὰ διὰ λόγους πλείονας, ὧν ἀπὸ μέρους ἐξεθέμην τινάς. ἀλλὰ καὶ οὐχ, ὥσπερ ἀφεκτέον πάσης κακίας καὶ τῶν ἀπὸ κακίας, καὶ ζῴων ἁπάντων βρώσεως. ἀφεκτέον δὲ οὐ μόνον ζῴων βρώσεως ἀλλὰ καὶ παντὸς οὑτινοσοῦν, εἰ ἀπὸ κακίας καὶ τῶν ἀπὸ κακίας χρησαίμεθα τοῖς βρώμασιν· ἀφεκτέον γὰρ τοῦ ἐσθίειν κατὰ γαστριμαργίαν ἢ καθὸ ἄγεσθαι ὑφ᾿ ἡδονῆς χωρὶς τῆς εἰς ὑγείαν τοῦ σώματος καὶ θεραπείαν αὐτοῦ προθέσεως. οὐδαμῶς μέντοι γε λέγοντες μετενσωμάτωσιν εἶναι ψυχῆς καὶ κατάπτωσιν αὐτῆς μέχρι τῶν ἀλόγων ζῴων δηλονότι οὐδ᾿ ὁμοίως Πυθαγόρᾳ. κἂν ἀπεχώμεθά ποτε ζῴων, οὐ χρησόμεθα αὐτῶν ταῖς σαρξί. ψυχὴν γὰρ λογικὴν τιμᾶν μόνην ἡμεῖς ἴσμεν καὶ τὰ ταύτης ὄργανα μετὰ τιμῆς παραδιδόναι κατὰ τὰ νενομισμένα ταφῇ· ἄξιον γὰρ τὸ τῆς λογικῆς ψυχῆς οἰκητήριον μὴ παραῤῥιπτεῖν ἀτίμως καὶ ὡς ἔτυχεν ὁμοίως τῷ τῶν ἀλόγων, καὶ μάλιστα ὅτε οἱ (Χριστιανοὶ) τὴν τιμὴν τοῦ σώματος, ἔνθα λογικὴ ψυχὴ ᾤκησε, πεπιστεύκασι καὶ ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν φθάσαι δεξάμενον καλῶς ἀγωνισαμένην διὰ τοιούτου ὀργάνου ψυχήν. περὶ δὲ τοῦ „πῶς οἱ νεκροὶ ἐγείρονται, καὶ ποίῳ σώματι ἔρχονται;“ ἐν τοῖς ἀνωτέρω δι᾿ ὀλίγων. ὡς ἀπῄτει ἡ γραφὴ, παρεστήσαμεν.