Reading Scripture: Types and Figures
Clement of Alexandria, Miscellanies 8
Not only the Egyptians, famed for their reason, but also every other barbarian people who aspired to philosophy zealously embraced the symbolic mode. Pherecydes the Syrian records that when Darius crossed the Ister, the Scythian king Idanthyrsus sent him a warlike token instead of a letter: a mouse, a frog, a bird, an arrow, and a plow. The gift threw the Persian commanders into the expected confusion. Orontopates the chiliarch read it as an offer of surrender: the mouse stood for dwellings, the frog for waters, the bird for the air, the arrow for weapons, and the plow for the land. Xiphodres, however, read it exactly opposite: “Unless we fly like birds, burrow like mice, or swim like frogs, we shall never escape their arrows, for we are not masters of this territory.”
The Scythian Anacharsis, they say, even in sleep kept his left hand on his genitals and his right on his mouth, signifying that both appetite and speech must be ruled, yet ruling the tongue is the greater feat. Why linger over barbarian examples when the Greeks themselves furnish abundant proof of their devotion to symbolism? Androcydes the Pythagorean explains that the famous ‘Ephesian letters’ encode a symbolic system: Askion means darkness, because darkness casts no shadow; Kataskion means light, because it shines into the shadow; Lix is the earth by ancient title; Tetrix is the year, marked by the seasons; Damnameneus is the sun that tames; and Aisia are the true voices. Thus the symbol displays the ordered harmony of the divine: darkness set against light, the sun against the year, the earth against every kind of natural generation.
Dionysius the Thracian, the grammarian, in his treatise On Emphasis, speaks directly about the symbol of the revolving balls: ‘Some signified their deeds not only by words but also by symbols—by words, as in the spoken Delphic precepts “Nothing in excess” and “Know yourself” and the like; by symbols, as the rotating wheel in the gods’ precincts, introduced from Egypt, and the sprigs handed to worshipers.’ Orpheus the Thracian says of those sprigs: ‘All the sprigs given to mortals on earth share no single destiny in their hearts; they all circle around, and it is not permitted to stand still in one place, but each, from its beginning, holds an equal portion of the race.’
Greek
Ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὐ μόνον Αἰγυπτίων οἱ λογικώτατοι, πρὸς δὲ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων βαρβάρων ὅσοι φιλοσοφίας ὠρέχθησαν, τὸ συμβολικὸν εἶδος ἐζήλωσαν. Φασὶ γοῦν καὶ Ἰδανθούραν τὸν Σκυθῶν βασιλέα, ὡς ἱστορεῖ Φερεκύδης ὁ Σύριος, Δαρείῳ διαβάντι τὸν Ἴστρον πόλεμον ἀπειλοῦντα πέμψαι σύμβολον ἀντὶ τῶν γραμμάτων μῦν, βάτραχον, ὄρνιθα, ὀιστόν, ἄροτρον. ἀπορίας δὲ οὔσης, οἷα εἰκός, ἐπὶ τούτοις Ὀροντοπάτας μὲν ὁ χιλίαρχος ἔλεγεν παραδώσειν αὐτοὺς τὴν ἀρχήν, τεκμαιρόμενος ἀπὸ μὲν τοῦ μυὸς τὰς οἰκήσεις, ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ βατράχου τὰ ὕδατα τὸν ἀέρα τε ἀπὸ τῆς ὄρνιθος καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὀιστοῦ τὰ ὅπλα, ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ ἀρότρου τὴν χώραν. Ξιφόδρης δὲ ἔμπαλιν ἡρμήνευσεν· ἔφασκεν γάρ· ἐὰν μὴ ὡς ὄρνιθες ἀναπτῶμεν ἢ ὡς μύες κατὰ τῆς γῆς ἢ ὡς οἱ βάτραχοι καθ’ ὕδατος δύωμεν, οὐκ ἂν φύγοιμεν τὰ ἐκείνων βέλη, τῆς γὰρ χώρας οὔκ ἐσμεν κύριοι. Ἀνάχαρσίν τε τὸν Σκύθην φασὶ καὶ αὐτὸν κοιμώμενον κατέχειν τῇ μὲν λαιᾷ τὰ αἰδοῖα, τῇ δεξιᾷ δὲ τὸ στόμα, αἰνιττόμενον δεῖν μὲν ἀμφοῖν, μεῖζον δὲ εἶναι γλώττης κρατεῖν ἢ ἡδονῆς. Καὶ τί μοι περὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους ἐνδιατρίβειν, ἐξὸν αὐτοὺς τοὺς Ἕλληνας σφόδρα τῇ ἐπικρύψει κεχρημένους παραστῆσαι; Ἀνδροκύδης γοῦν ὁ Πυθαγορικὸς τὰ Ἐφέσια καλούμενα γράμματα ἐν πολλοῖς δὴ πολυθρύλητα ὄντα συμβόλων ἔχειν φησὶ τάξιν, σημαίνειν δὲ Ἄσκιον μὲν τὸ σκότος, μὴ γὰρ ἔχειν τοῦτο σκιάν· φῶς δὲ Κατάσκιον, ἐπεὶ καταυγάζει τὴν σκιάν· Λίξ τέ ἐστιν ἡ γῆ κατὰ ἀρχαίαν ἐπωνυμίαν καὶ Τετρὰξ ὁ ἐνιαυτὸς διὰ τὰς ὥρας, Δαμναμενεὺς δὲ ὁ ἥλιος ὁ δαμάζων, τὰ Αἴσιά τε ἡ ἀληθὴς φωνή. σημαίνει δ’ ἄρα τὸ σύμβολον ὡς κεκόσμηται τὰ θεῖα, οἷον σκότος πρὸς φῶς καὶ ἥλιος πρὸς ἐνιαυτὸν καὶ γῆ πρὸς παντοίαν φύσεως γένεσιν. Ἀλλὰ καὶ Διονύσιος ὁ Θρᾷξ ὁ γραμματικὸς ἐν τῷ Περὶ τῆς ἐμφάσεως περὶ τοῦ τῶν τροχίσκων συμβόλου φησὶ κατὰ λέξιν· ἐσήμαινον γοῦν οὐ διὰ λέξεως μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ διὰ συμβόλων ἔνιοι τὰς πράξεις, διὰ λέξεως μὲν ὡς ἔχει τὰ λεγόμενα Δελφικὰ παραγγέλματα, τὸ ›μηδὲν ἄγαν‹ καὶ τὸ ›γνῶθι σαυτὸν‹ καὶ τὰ τούτοις ὅμοια, διὰ δὲ συμβόλων ὡς ὅ τε τροχὸς ὁ στρεφόμενος ἐν τοῖς τῶν θεῶν τεμένεσιν εἱλκυσμένος παρὰ Αἰγυπτίων καὶ τὸ τῶν θαλλῶν τῶν διδομένων τοῖς προσκυνοῦσι. φησὶ γὰρ Ὀρφεὺς ὁ Θρᾴκιος· † θαλλῶν δ’ ὅσσα βροτοῖσιν ἐπὶ χθονὸς ἔργα μέμηλεν, οὐδὲν ἔχει μίαν αἶσαν ἐπὶ φρεσίν, ἀλλὰ κυκλεῖται πάντα πέριξ, στῆναι δὲ καθ’ ἓν μέρος οὐ θέμις ἐστίν, ἀλλ’ ἔχει, ὡς ἤρξαντο, δρόμου μέρος ἶσον ἕκαστος.