The Spirit shares the divine name and dignity
Basil is arguing that the Holy Spirit is not a creature, because the Spirit bears the names and activities of the Lord and Christ, and Scripture gives the Spirit divine honor.
And for this reason, since all the activity of the Son is manifested through the Spirit, the Spirit is named Lord with the name of the Lord, and Christ with the name of Christ, as we were just saying: “Now the Lord is the Spirit” (2 Corinthians 3:17). It has also been said: “You are not in the flesh but in the Spirit, if indeed the Spirit of God dwells in you. But if anyone does not have the Spirit of Christ, that person is not his” (Romans 8:9). Then Paul adds: “But if Christ is in you” (Romans 8:10), instead of saying what would have followed: “But if the Spirit is in you.” Nor is there any divine voice teaching that the Spirit is a created thing. For the words “All things came into being through him” (John 1:3) refer to the multitude of created things. But the Spirit is not in that multitude; rather, with the pair he completes the Trinity, and he has been estranged from creation and far surpasses it, since indeed he sanctifies creation and gives life, and is an anointing upon us, and already also upon the very flesh of the Lord. Surely our Lord Jesus Christ is not sanctified through a creature, as Peter says: “Jesus of Nazareth, how God anointed him with the Holy Spirit and with power” (Acts 10:38). Nor does he act through a creature; he says: “By the Spirit of God I cast out demons” (Matthew 12:28). Nor is he led by a creature; for it is written that “he was led by the Spirit into the wilderness” (Luke 4:1). The ancient prophets cried out with the authority of God: “Thus says the Lord.” But the new prophets say: “Thus says the Holy Spirit,” and the apostles: “It seemed good to the Holy Spirit and to us” (Acts 15:28). Therefore the Apostle also, showing that he speaks divine words, says at one time: “Do you seek proof of Christ speaking in me?” (2 Corinthians 13:3), and at another: “I think I have the Spirit of God” (1 Corinthians 7:40). The old Scripture is also full of the glorification of the Spirit. “By the word of the Lord,” says the Psalmist, “the heavens were made firm, and by the Spirit of his mouth all their power” (Psalm 32:6 (Hebrew 33:6)). And in the book of Job it is written: “The Spirit that made me is divine” (Job 33:4). Just as it is not possible to suppose another Word besides the Son, through whom the heavens were made—for then they would no longer have come into being through the Lord, if they had come into being through another word—so also it is not possible to suppose another Spirit, who with the Word makes firm the powers of the heavens. When we hear “Spirit of his mouth,” we do not hear it in a human way, but as is fitting in the case of God, just as with the Word. For the Word is not a word that dissolves away, but as the Psalmist says: “Forever, O Lord, your Word endures in heaven” (Psalm 118:89 (Hebrew 119:89)). Nor is the Spirit a breath that is dispersed, but a standing and abiding one. “For where shall I go from your Spirit?” says David (Psalm 138:7 (Hebrew 139:7)), since clearly he exists, and fills all things, and stands in divine dignity. For what he said about the Spirit, he also says about the face of God and about his right hand, saying next: “And from your face where shall I flee? If I ascend to heaven, you are there; if I descend to Hades, you are present; if I take up my wings at dawn and settle at the farthest parts of the sea, even there your hand will lead me, and your right hand will hold me” (Psalm 138:7-10 (Hebrew 139:7-10)). And the voice of God says this about himself and the Spirit: “I am in your midst, says the Lord, and my Spirit stands in the midst of you” (Haggai 2:5). Therefore the Spirit is not foreign to the glory of God, having come forth ineffably from the ineffable mouth; nor is God himself without the Spirit, but the Spirit is God’s Spirit, and with God, sent from God, and supplied through the Son. As it is said from the Father’s person: “My Spirit, which is upon you” (Isaiah 59:21), and said by the Lord: “I will send you another Advocate” (John 14:16), whom he also calls “the Spirit of truth” (John 15:26). Therefore we must confess one Father, one Son, and one Spirit according to the divine tradition, and not two fathers or two sons. For this reason the Spirit is not the Son, nor is he named so.
Greek
Καὶ διὰ τοῦτο, ἐπεὶ πᾶσα ἡ ἐνέργεια τοῦ Υἱοῦ διὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος φανεροῦται, Κύριος ὀνομάζεται τὸ Πνεῦμα τῷ τοῦ Κυρίου ὀνόματι· καὶ Χριστὸς τῷ τοῦ Χριστοῦ, ὡς ἄρτι μὲν ἐλέγομεν· «Ὁ δὲ Κύριος τὸ Πνεῦμά ἐστιν.» Εἴρηται δὲ καὶ τὸ, «Ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ, ἀλλ' ἐν Πνεύματι, εἴπερ Πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ἐν ὑμῖν. Εἰ δέ τις Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει, οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτοῦ.» Εἶτα ἐπάγει· «Εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν,» ἀντὶ τοῦ λέγειν, ὅπερ ἀκόλουθον ἦν· Εἰ δὲ τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐν ὑμῖν. Οὐδὲ ἔστι φωνὴ θεία ποιητὸν τὸ Πνεῦμα εἶναι διδάσκουσα. Τὸ γὰρ, «Πάντα δι' αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο,» περὶ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν κτισμάτων ἐστί. Τὸ δὲ Πνεῦμα οὐκ ἐν τῷ πλήθει, ἀλλὰ μετὰ τῆς δυάδος Τριάδα πληροῖ, καὶ κτίσεως ἀπηλλοτρίωται, καὶ πλεῖστον ὑπερέχει, ἅτε δὴ ἁγιάζον τὴν κτίσιν καὶ ζωοποιοῦν, καὶ χρίσμα ἐφ' ἡμῖν ὂν, ἤδη δὲ καὶ ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ τοῦ Κυρίου σαρκί. Οὐ δήπου δὲ ὁ Κύριος ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς διὰ κτίσματος ἁγιάζεται, ὡς λέγει ὁ Πέτρος· «Ἰησοῦν τὸν ἀπὸ Ναζαρὲτ, ὡς ἔχρισεν αὐτὸν ὁ Θεὸς Πνεύματι ἁγίῳ καὶ δυνάμει.» Οὐδὲ διὰ κτίσματος δύναται· λέγει δέ· «Ἐν Πνεύματι Θεοῦ ἐκβάλλω τὰ δαιμόνια.» Οὐδὲ ὑπὸ κτίσματος ἄγεται· γέγραπται γὰρ, ὅτι «Ἤγετο ἐν τῷ Πνεύματι εἰς τὴν ἔρημον.» Ἀξίωμα μὲν τοῦ Θεοῦ προφῆται παλαιοὶ κεκράγασι· «Τάδε λέγει Κύριος·» οἱ δὲ νέοι προφῆται· «Τάδε λέγει τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον·» καὶ οἱ ἀπόστολοι· «Ἔδοξε τῷ ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι καὶ ἡμῖν.» Διόπερ καὶ ὁ Ἀπό στολος, δεικνύων, ὅτι θεῖα ῥήματα φθέγγεται, ποτὲ μὲν λέγει· «Ἢ δοκιμὴν ζητεῖτε τοῦ ἐν ἐμοὶ λαλοῦν τος Χριστοῦ;» ποτὲ δὲ, «Δοκῶ Πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ἔχειν.» Πλήρης δὲ καὶ ἡ παλαιὰ Γραφὴ τῆς τοῦ Πνεύματος δοξολογίας. «Τῷ λόγῳ Κυρίου, φησὶν ὁ Ψαλμῳδὸς, οἱ οὐρανοὶ ἐστερεώθησαν, καὶ τῷ Πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ πᾶσα ἡ δύναμις αὐτῶν.» Καὶ ἐν τῇ βίβλῳ τοῦ Ἰὼβ γέγραπται· «Πνεῦμα δὲ θεῖον τὸ ποιῆσάν με.» Ὥσπερ δὲ Λόγον ἕτερον παρὰ τὸν Υἱὸν οὐκ ἔστιν ὑποθέσθαι, ᾧ ἐγένοντο οἱ οὐρανοὶ (ἦ γὰρ ἂν οὐκέτι διὰ τοῦ Κυρίου γεγονότες εἶεν, εἴπερ δι' ἑτέρου λόγου γεγόνασιν)· οὕτως οὐδὲ Πνεῦμα ἕτε ρον ἔστιν ὑποθέσθαι, τὸ μετὰ τοῦ Λόγου στερεοῦν τὰς δυνάμεις τῶν οὐρανῶν. Πνεῦμα δὲ στόματος ἀκούοντες, οὐκ ἀνθρωπίνως ἀκούομεν, ἀλλ' ὡς ἐπὶ Θεοῦ πρέπον ἐστὶν, ὥσπερ καὶ τὸν Λόγον. Οὔτε γὰρ ὁ Λόγος ῥῆμα διαλυόμενον, ἀλλ' ὡς ὁ ψαλμῳδός φη σιν· «Εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα, Κύριε, ὁ Λόγος σου διαμένει ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ.» Οὔτε τὸ Πνεῦμα διαχεομένη τίς ἐστι πνοὴ, ἀλλ' ἑστῶσα καὶ μένουσα. «Ποῦ γὰρ πορευθῶ ἀπὸ τοῦ Πνεύματός σου;» φησὶν ὁ Δαβὶδ, ὄντος δηλαδὴ, καὶ πεπληρωκότος τὰ σύμπαντα, καὶ ἐν ἀξίᾳ θεϊκῇ καθεστῶτος. Ὅπερ γὰρ εἶπε περὶ τοῦ Πνεύ ματος, τοῦτο καὶ περὶ προσώπου λέγει Θεοῦ, καὶ περὶ δεξιᾶς αὐτοῦ φάσκων ἑξῆς· «Καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ προσώπου σου ποῦ φύγω; Ἐὰν ἀναβῶ εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν, σὺ ἐκεῖ εἶ· ἐὰν καταβῶ εἰς τὸν ᾅδην, πάρει· ἐὰν ἀναλάβω τὰς πτέρυγάς μου κατ' ὄρθρον, καὶ κατα σκηνώσω εἰς τὰ ἔσχατα τῆς θαλάσσης· καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖ ἡ χείρ σου ὁδηγήσει με, καὶ καθέξει με ἡ δεξιά σου.» Καὶ φωνὴ Θεοῦ περὶ ἑαυτοῦ τε καὶ Πνεύματος τοῦτο λέγει· «Ἐγώ εἰμι ἐν ὑμῖν, φησὶ Κύριος, καὶ τὸ Πνεῦμά μου ἐφέστηκεν ἐν μέσῳ ὑμῶν.» Οὔτε οὖν ἀλλότριον τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ δόξης τὸ Πνεῦμα, ἐκ τοῦ ἀῤῥήτου στόματος ἀῤῥήτως ἐκπεφηνός· οὔτε αὐτὸς ὁ Θεὸς ἄνευ Πνεύματος, ἀλλὰ Θεοῦ Πνεῦμα, καὶ παρὰ Θεῷ, ἀποστελλόμενον δὲ παρὰ Θεοῦ, καὶ διὰ Υἱοῦ χορηγούμενον· ὡς λέγεται μὲν ἐκ τοῦ πατρι κοῦ προσώπου· «Τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἐμὸν, ὅ ἐστι ἐπὶ σοί·» λέγεται δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ Κυρίου, ὅτι «Παράκλητον πέμψω ὑμῖν·» ὃν δὴ καὶ καλεῖ «τὸ Πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας.» Ἕνα μὲν οὖν Πατέρα, ἕνα δὲ Υἱὸν, ἓν δὲ καὶ Πνεῦμα κατὰ τὴν θείαν παράδοσιν ὁμολογη τέον, καὶ οὔτε δύο πατέρας, οὔτε δύο υἱούς· διόπερ τὸ Πνεῦμα Υἱὸς οὐκ ἔστιν, οὐδὲ ὀνομάζεται.