The Tripartite Soul and its Virtues
To acquire wisdom without war is impossible, and one cannot win the war without prudence; for this is entrusted to resist the thumos of the demons, forcing the powers of the soul to act according to nature and making the way of wisdom easy. 74 A temptation is a monk's thought ascending through the passive part of the soul and darkening the mind. 75 Sin is a monk's assent of the thought toward a forbidden pleasure. 76 Angels rejoice when evil is diminished, but demons when virtue is; for the former are servants of mercy and love, while the latter are obedient to anger and hatred; and the former, approaching, fill us with spiritual theoria, while the latter, approaching, cast shameful fantasies into the soul. 77 Virtues do not stop the impulses of the demons, but they preserve us innocent. 78 Practical method is a spiritual method cleansing the passive part of the soul. 79 The workings of the commandments are not sufficient to perfectly heal the powers of the soul, unless fitting theoriai also succeed the mind. 80 It is not possible for us to resist all the thoughts cast at us by angels, but it is possible to overthrow all the thoughts from demons; for a peaceful state follows the former thoughts, but a disturbed one the latter. 81 Love is the offspring of dispassion; and dispassion is the flower of practice; and practice is established by the keeping of the commandments; and the guardian of these is the fear of God, which is the offspring of right faith; and faith is an inward good, which is naturally present even in those who do not yet believe in God. 82 Just as the soul acting through the body perceives the weak members, so the mind, acting, knows its own proper energy and its own powers, and through what obstructs it discovers the soul's therapeutic commandment. 83 The mind, waging the passionate war, will not behold the logoi of the war; for it is like one fighting in the night; but having acquired dispassion, it will easily recognize the methods of the enemies. 84 The end of practice is love; the end of knowledge is theology; the beginnings of both are faith and natural theoria; and as many as
The text ends abruptly with 'and as many as' (καὶ ὅσοι).
On the one hand, as many demons as touch the passive part of the soul are said to oppose practice; but as many as disturb the rational part are named enemies of all truth and contrary to theoria. None of the things that defile bodies associates thereafter with the purified; but the virtues both purify the soul and remain with the purified.
By nature, the rational soul acts when its desiring part reaches for virtue, its spirited part struggles on its behalf, and its rational part applies itself to the theoria of things that have come to be. He who progresses in practice diminishes the passions, while he in theoria diminishes ignorance; for of the passions there shall one day be a total destruction, but of ignorance, of the one they say there is an end, of the other that there is not.
The goods and evils beyond use become productive of virtues and vices; it belongs to prudence to use these toward other ends. Since the rational soul is threefold according to our wise teacher, when virtue comes to be in the rational part, it is called prudence, understanding, and wisdom; when in the desiring part, temperance, love, and self-control; when in the irascible part, courage and endurance; but in the whole soul, justice. And the work of prudence is to strategize against the opposing powers, to defend the virtues, to array oneself against the vices, and to manage the intermediate things according to the seasons; of understanding, to harmoniously manage all things contributing to us toward the goal; of wisdom, to behold the logoi of bodily and incorporeal things; of temperance, the work is to look dispassionately at the things that move irrational imaginations within us; of love, to present itself to every image of God as nearly like the prototype, even if the demons attempt to defile them; of self-control, to shake off all pleasure of the throat with joy; not to fear enemies and to bravely withstand the terrible belongs to endurance and courage; of justice, to produce a certain concord and harmony of the parts of the soul.
Sheaves are the fruit of seeds, and knowledge of virtues; and as tears follow seeds, so joy follows sheaves.
Greek
σοφίαν κτήσασθαι ἄνευ πολέμου, καὶ οὐκ ἔστι κατορθῶσαι τὸν πόλεμον χωρὶς φρονήσεως· αὕτη γὰρ ἀνθίστασθαι τῷ θυμῷ τῶν δαιμόνων πεπίστευται, τὰς τῆς ψυχῆς δυνάμεις κατὰ φύσιν ἐνεργεῖν ἀναγκάζουσα, καὶ τὴν ὁδὸν τῆς σοφίας προευτρεπίζουσα. 74 Πειρασμός ἐστι μοναχοῦ λογισμὸς διὰ τοῦ παθητικοῦ μέρους τῆς ψυχῆς ἀναβὰς καὶ σκοτίζων τὸν νοῦν. 75 Ἁμαρτία ἐστὶ μοναχοῦ ἡ πρὸς τὴν ἀπηγορευμένην ἡδονὴν τοῦ λογισμοῦ συγκατάθεσις. 9 76 Ἄγγελοι μὲν χαίρουσι μειουμένης κακίας, δαίμονες δὲ τῆς ἀρετῆς· οἱ μὲν γάρ εἰσιν ἐλέους καὶ ἀγάπης θεράποντες, οἱ δὲ ὀργῆς καὶ μίσους ὑπήκοοι· καὶ οἱ μὲν πρότεροι πλησιάζοντες πνευματικῆς θεωρίας ἡμᾶς πληροῦσιν, οἱ δὲ δεύτεροι προσεγγίζοντες εἰς αἰσχρὰς τὴν ψυχὴν φαντασίας ἐμβάλλουσιν. 77 Αἱ ἀρεταὶ οὐ τὰς τῶν δαιμόνων ὁρμὰς ἀνακόπτουσιν, ἀλλ' ἡμᾶς ἀθῴους διαφυλάττουσιν. 78 Πρακτική ἐστι μέθοδος πνευματικὴ τὸ παθητικὸν μέρος τῆς ψυχῆς ἐκκαθαίρουσα. 79 Οὐκ ἀρκοῦσιν αἱ ἐνέργειαι τῶν ἐντολῶν πρὸς τὸ τελείως ἰάσασθαι τὰς δυνάμεις τῆς ψυχῆς, ἐὰν μὴ καὶ κατάλληλοι ταύταις διαδέξωνται τὸν νοῦν θεωρίαι. 80 Οὐ πᾶσι μὲν τοῖς ὑπ' ἀγγέλων λογισμοῖς ἡμῖν ἐμβαλλομένοις δυνατὸν ἀντιστῆναι, πάντας δὲ τοὺς ὑπὸ δαιμόνων λογισμοὺς δυνατὸν ἀνατρέψαι· ἕπεται δὲ τοῖς μὲν προτέροις λογισμοῖς εἰρηνικὴ κατάστασις, τοῖς δὲ δευτέροις τεταραγμένη. 81 Ἀπαθείας ἔγγονον ἀγάπη· ἀπάθεια δέ ἐστιν ἄνθος τῆς πρακτικῆς· πρακτικὴν δὲ συνίστησιν ἡ τήρησις τῶν ἐντολῶν· τούτων δὲ φύλαξ ὁ φόβος τοῦ Θεοῦ, ὅστις γέννημα τῆς ὀρθῆς ἐστι πίστεως· πίστις δέ ἐστιν ἐνδιάθετον ἀγαθόν, ἥτις ἐνυπάρχειν πέφυκε καὶ τοῖς μηδέπω πεπιστευκόσι Θεῷ. 82 Ὥσπερ ἐνεργοῦσα διὰ τοῦ σώματος ἡ ψυχὴ τῶν ἀσθενούντων μελῶν ἐπαισθάνεται· οὕτως ἐνεργῶν καὶ ὁ νοῦς τὴν οἰκείαν ἐνέργειαν τάς τε δυνάμεις ἐπιγινώσκει τὰς ἑαυτοῦ καὶ διὰ τῆς ἐμποδιζούσης αὐτῷ τὴν θεραπευτικὴν αὐτῆς ἐντολὴν ἐφευρίσκει. 83 Ὁ νοῦς τὸν ἐμπαθῆ πόλεμον πολεμῶν οὐ θεωρήσει τοὺς λόγους τοῦ πολέμου· τῷ γὰρ ἐν νυκτὶ μαχομένῳ ἔοικεν· ἀπάθειαν δὲ κτησάμενος, ῥᾳδίως ἐπιγνώσεται τὰς μεθοδείας τῶν πολεμίων. 84 Πέρας μὲν πρακτικῆς ἀγάπη· γνώσεως δὲ θεολογία· ἀρχαὶ δὲ ἑκατέρων πίστις καὶ φυσικὴ θεωρία· καὶ ὅσοι μὲν τῶν δαιμόνων τοῦ παθητικοῦ μέρους ἐφάπτονται τῆς ψυχῆς, οὗτοι λέγονται ἀντικεῖσθαι τῇ πρακτικῇ· ὅσοι δ' αὖ πάλιν τῷ λογιστικῷ διοχλοῦσιν, ἐχθροὶ πάσης ἀληθείας ὀνομάζονται καὶ ἐναντίοι τῇ θεωρίᾳ. 85 Οὐδὲν τῶν καθαιρόντων τὰ σώματα σύνεστι μετὰ τοῦτο τοῖς καθαρθεῖσιν· αἱ δὲ ἀρεταὶ ὁμοῦ τε καθαίρουσι τὴν ψυχὴν καὶ καθαρθείσῃ συμπαραμένουσιν. 86 Κατὰ φύσιν ἐνεργεῖ ψυχὴ λογικὴ ὅταν τὸ μὲν ἐπιθυμητικὸν αὐτῆς μέρος τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐφίεται, τὸ δὲ θυμικὸν ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς ἀγωνίζεται, τὸ δὲ λογιστικὸν ἐπιβάλλει τῇ θεωρίᾳ τῶν γεγονότων. 87 Ὁ μὲν προκόπτων ἐν πρακτικῇ τὰ πάθη μειοῖ, ὁ δὲ ἐν θεωρίᾳ τὴν ἀγνωσίαν· καὶ τῶν μὲν παθῶν ἔσται ποτὲ καὶ φθορὰ παντελής, τῆς δὲ ἀγνωσίας τῆς μὲν εἶναι πέρας, τῆς δὲ μὴ εἶναί φασι. 88 Τὰ παρὰ τὴν χρῆσιν ἀγαθὰ καὶ κακὰ τῶν ἀρετῶν καὶ τῶν κακιῶν γίνεται ποιητικά· φρονήσεως δέ ἐστι λοιπὸν τὸ χρήσασθαι τούτοις πρὸς θάτερα. 89 Τριμεροῦς δὲ τῆς λογικῆς ψυχῆς οὔσης κατὰ τὸν σοφὸν ἡμῶν διδάσκαλον, ὅταν μὲν ἐν τῷ λογιστικῷ μέρει γένηται ἡ ἀρετή, καλεῖται φρόνησις καὶ σύνεσις καὶ σοφία· ὅταν δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐπιθυμητικῷ, σωφροσύνη καὶ ἀγάπη καὶ ἐγκράτεια· ὅταν δὲ ἐν τῷ θυμικῷ, ἀνδρεία καὶ ὑπομονή· ἐν ὅλῃ δὲ τῇ ψυχῇ, δικαιοσύνη. Καὶ φρονήσεως μὲν ἔργον τὸ στρατηγεῖν πρὸς τὰς ἀντικειμένας δυνάμεις, καὶ τῶν μὲν ἀρετῶν ὑπερασπίζειν, πρὸς δὲ τὰς κακίας παρατάττεσθαι, τὰ δὲ μέσα πρὸς τοὺς καιροὺς διοικεῖν· συνέσεως δὲ τὸ πάντα τὰ συντελοῦντα ἡμῖν πρὸς τὸν σκοπὸν ἁρμοδίως οἰκονομεῖν· σοφίας δὲ τὸ θεωρεῖν λόγους σωμάτων καὶ ἀσωμάτων· σωφροσύνης δὲ ἔργον τὸ βλέπειν ἀπαθῶς τὰ πράγματα τὰ κινοῦντα ἐν ἡμῖν φαντασίας ἀλόγους· ἀγάπης δὲ τὸ πάσῃ εἰκόνι τοῦ Θεοῦ τοιαύτην ἑαυτὴν ἐμπαρέχειν οἵαν καὶ τῷ πρωτοτύπῳ σχεδόν, κἂν μιαίνειν αὐτὰς ἐπιχειρῶσιν οἱ δαίμονες· ἐγκρατείας δὲ τὸ 10 πᾶσαν ἡδονὴν τοῦ φάρυγγος μετὰ χαρᾶς ἀποσείεσθαι· μὴ δεδιέναι δὲ τοὺς πολεμίους καὶ προθύμως ἐγκαρτερεῖν τοῖς δεινοῖς, τῆς ὑπομονῆς καὶ τῆς ἀνδρείας ἐστί· δικαιοσύνης δὲ τὸ συμφωνίαν τινὰ καὶ ἁρμονίαν τῶν τῆς ψυχῆς μερῶν κατεργάζεσθαι. 90 Καρπὸς μὲν σπερμάτων τὰ δράγματα, ἀρετῶν δὲ ἡ γνῶσις· καὶ ὡς ἕπεται τοῖς σπέρμασι δάκρυα, οὕτω τοῖς δράγμασιν ἡ χαρά.