Men the Greeks made into gods
Omitting no kind of disparagement and ridicule of us, the buffoon Celsus, in his discourse against us, names the Dioscuri, Heracles, Asclepius, and Dionysus, who are believed among the Greeks to have become gods after being men. And he says that we cannot bear to regard these as gods, because they were men to begin with, although they displayed many noble deeds on behalf of mankind; whereas we, he says, claim that Jesus, after he died, was seen by his own devotees. He further accuses us of saying that he was seen, and that, too, as a shadow.
To this too we will say that Celsus has craftily neither stated clearly that he does not worship these as gods (for he was wary of the opinion of those who would read his writing, who would take him for an atheist if he championed anything of the truth as it appeared to him), nor, on the other hand, pretended that he himself regards them as gods; for we would have replied to either position.
Come, then, let us say this to those who do not regard them as gods. Do these men not exist at all, their soul too having perished, as some think the human soul perishes at once? Or, according to the opinion of those who say that the soul survives or is immortal, do these survive or are they immortal, being not gods but heroes? Or are they not even heroes, but simply souls? If, then, you suppose that they do not exist, we must establish our primary doctrine about the soul; but if they do exist, then here too the doctrine of immortality must be accepted, not only from those Greeks who spoke well about it, but also in accordance with what the divine teachings hold.
And we will show that these men, who worshipped many gods, cannot have come to a better place and portion after their departure from this world. We will bring forward the stories about them, in which are recorded the great licentiousness of Heracles and his womanish slavery to Omphale, and how Asclepius was struck by a thunderbolt from their Zeus. The story of the Dioscuri will also be told, that “now they live on alternate days, and now again they are dead; and they have won honour equal to the gods” (Homer, Odyssey 11.303–304), they who die over and over. How then do they think it reasonable that any of these should be regarded as a god or a hero?
Greek
Οὐδὲν δὲ εἶδος τοῦ περὶ ἡμῶν διασυρμοῦ καὶ καταγέλωτος καταλιπὼν ὁ βωμολόχος Κέλσος ἐν τῷ καθ᾿ ἡμῶν λόγῳ Διοσκούρους καὶ Ἡρακλέα καὶ Ἀσκληπιὸν καὶ Διόνυσον ὀνομάζει, τοὺς ἐξ ἀνθρώπων πεπιστευμένους παρ᾿ Ἕλλησι γεγονέναι θεοὺς. καὶ φησιν οὐκ ἀνέχεσθαι μὲν ἡμᾶς τούτους νομίζειν θεοὺς. ὅτι ἄνθρωποι ἦσαν καὶ πρῶτοι. καίτοι πολλὰ ἐπιδειξαμένους καὶ γενναῖα ὑπὲρ ἀνθρώπων· τὸν δ᾿ Ἰησοῦν ἀποθανόντα ὑπὸ τῶν ἰδίων θιασωτῶν ὦφθαί φαμεν· προσκατηγορεῖ δ᾿ ἡμῶν καὶ ὡς λεγόντων αὐτὸν ὦφθαι, καὶ ταῦτα σκιάν. καὶ πρὸς ταῦτα δὲ φήσομεν ὅτι δεινῶς ὁ Κέλσος οὔτε σαφῶς παρέστησε μὴ σέβειν τούτους ὡς θεοὺς (εὐλαβεῖτο γὰρ τὴν δόξαν τῶν ἐντευξομένων αὐτοῦ τῇ γραφῇ. ὑποληψομένων αὐτὸν ἄθεον, εἴ τι τῆς φαινομένης αὐτῷ ἀληθείας ἐπρέσβευεν). οὔτ᾿ αὖ προσεποιήσατο καὶ αὐτὸς αὐτοὺς θεοὺς νομίζειν· πρὸς ἑκάτερον γὰρ ἂν αὐτῶν ἀπεκρινάμεθα. φέρε οὖν πρὸς μὲν τοὺς μὴ νομίζοντας αὐτοὺς εἶναι θεοὺς ταῦτ᾿ εἴπωμεν. ἆρ᾿ οὐδὲ τὴν ἀρχήν εἰσιν οὗτοι, ἀλλ᾿, ὥσπερ οἴονταί τινες περὶ τῆς τῶν ἀνθρώπων ψυχῆς ὡς παραχρῆμα διαφθειρομένης, διεφθάρη καὶ τούτων ἡ ψυχή· ἢ κατὰ τὴν δόξαν τῶν λεγόντων ἐπιδιαμένειν ἢ ἀθάνατον αὐτὴν εἶναι ἐπιδιαμένουσιν οὗτοι ἢ ἀθάνατοί εἰσι, καὶ θεοὶ μὲν οὐκ εἰσὶν ἥρωες δέ· ἢ οὐδὲ ἥρωες ἀλλ᾿ ἁπαξαπλῶς ψυχαί; εἰ μὲν οὖν οὐκ εἶναι ὑπολαμβάνετε αὐτοὺς. τὸν προηγούμενον ἡμῖν περὶ ψυχῆς κατασκευαστέον λόγον· εἰ δὲ εἰσὶ, καὶ οὕτω τὸν περὶ ἀθανασίας ἀποδεκτέον οὐ μόνον ἐκ τῶν καλῶς περὶ αὐτῆς εἰπόντων Ἑλλήνων ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τὸ ἀρέσκον τοῖς θείοις μαθήμασι. καὶ δείξομεν ὅτι οὐχ οἷόν τε τούτους πολυθέους γενομένους ἐν χώρᾳ καὶ μερίδι κρείττονι γεγονέναι μετὰ τὴν ἐντεῦθεν ἀπαλλαγὴν, φέροντες τὰς περὶ αὐτῶν ἱστορίας, ἐν αἷς ἀναγέγραπται πολλὴ Ἡρακλέους ἀκολασία καὶ ἡ πρὸς τὴν Ὀμφάλην γυναικείως δουλεία, καὶ τὰ περὶ Ἀσκληπιοῦ ὡς κεραυνῷ βληθέντος ὑπὸ τοῦ Διὸς αὐτῶν. λελέξεται δὲ καὶ τὰ περὶ τῶν Διοσκούρων, ὡς ἄλλοτε μὲν ζώουσ᾿ ἑτερήμεροι, ἄλλοτε δ᾿ αὖτε τεθνᾶσιν· τιμὴν δὲ λελόγχασιν ἶσα θεοῖσιν οἱ πολλάκις ἀποθνῄσκοντες. πῶς οὖν οἴονται κατὰ τὸ εὔλογον τούτων νομισθῆναί τινα θεὸν ἢ ἥρωα;